Abstract

Zoonoses are among the most common forms of disease in nature. Surveys have shown that 816 of 1,407 (58%) human pathogens, including 208 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and worms, and 317 helminthes, were zoonotic in origin, meaning they could be transmitted naturally between animals and humans. Of these, 77 (37%), 54 (10%), 22 (7%), 14 (25%), and 10 (3%) were emerging or re-emerging. One of the most distinctive features of emerging and re-emerging diseases is their unpredictable nature, a major concern in both developing and developed countries, which calls for decisions regarding them. These diseases have proven to be the most threatening to humans due to the limited knowledge about their origin, in addition to the fact that many of the characteristics of these epidemic diseases remain unknown, making their economic impact difficult to determine. Good is not possible, and its most important impacts include:
• Threatening food security from the serious loss of animal protein or the loss of animal-related businesses.
• Increasing poverty levels, especially in poor communities that rely heavily on livestock for their livelihoods in agriculture, draught, transportation, and other areas.
• Losses of key livestock products, such as meat, wool, fiber, hides, and other products, leading to reduced income.
• Reducing opportunities for upgrading production through the increased costs of animal production and the cost of production safety control measures.
• Obstructing and hindering domestic and international animal trade, which leads to a loss of export income, especially in livestock-producing countries.
• Impacting public health, as these diseases can be transmitted to humans.
• Causing environmental pollution through the deaths of wild animals in some cases.
• Pain and suffering for infected animals.