Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

In an attempt to find a treatment for diabetes by Placental mesenchymal stem cells, we induced diabetes in albino mice by injected them with the diabetic agent Alloxan intra peritoneal cavity dose 70 mg / kg of body weight for the group 1 and 2, then injection of the diabetic mice with Placental mesenchymal stem cells in the peritoneal cavity for the group 2 then the glucose levels in the blood of these mice were measured by using a GLUCOTREND 2, while group 3 was control injected with normal saline only. Pancreas tissue where tested by studying histopathological effect of Alloxan, the endocrine pancreas histologically showed decreased in the size and number of Langerhans islets with vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of almost all cells in the atrophied islets. Also, there was congestion of blood vessels in the interlobular space and there was distortion of exocrine pancreas. There was vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial cells of the acini, also there was atrophy of acini which lead to edema and dilatation of interacini space. Moreover, there was thickening in the wall of blood vessels, and there was thrombus in some blood vessels. In addition to the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interlobular septa. Compared with the section of pancreas of control group showed the normal structure of islets notice the normal cells shape surrounding by exocrine pancreas. Then the pancreas studied after injection of Placental mesenchymal stem cells, while there was regeneration of islets and acini which seem to be normal comparing with control group, there was improvement of normal histological appearance of mice treated with alloxan and then injected with placental mesenchymal stem cells. The results of the diabetic mice which treated with placental mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated present of significant differences (P≤0.05). Our conclusion of this study revealed that placental mesenchymal stem cells have a protective role against the histological changes of pancreas induced by alloxan.

The present study was intended to determine the histological changes induced by Cytarabine drug on the structure of rabbit's livers and the protective effects of vitamin E on these histological changes. The treated group with daily intraperitoneal dose of (50 mg/kg body weight) of Cytarabine alone, showed a massive histological change represented by infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, epithelioid cell and Kupffer's cells in hepatic tissue. Fibrosis in portal area, congestion of blood vessels as well as hyperplasia of bile canaliculi and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes were also noticed in other sections. While the group that received protective (800 IU of vitamin E) prior to each Cytarabine injection, showed a considerable histological improvement than the group received Cytarabine alone, as the histological sections of this group showed a nearly normal histological architecture of the liver that represented by normal arrangement of hepatic cords, no fibrosis no congested blood vessels were seen. though distension of hepatic sinusoids and coagulative necrosis of some hepatocytes were still observed. The present study suggested that vitamin E is an effective chemo-protective agent against hepatotoxicity when used as a protective agent prior to Cytarabine drug taken.

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global public health concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of MRSA infection amongst broiler chickens and broilers farm workers. The total samples used in this study were 306. Cloacal swab samples from 231 broilers and nasal swab samples from 75 broilers farm workers were collected from five farms in Duhok city, Iraq. Isolation and identification of MRSA isolates were carried out and the antibiotic susceptibility were screened. Molecular characterization of all isolates was performed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to detect the mecA gene.S. aureus was detected among 84% (63/75) of the farms workers samples and among 84.8% (196/231) of the broiler's samples. The S. aureus isolated from farm workers and broilers appeared resistant to oxacillin 28.6% (18/63), and 32.1% (63/196), respectively. MRSA colonization in farm workers and broilers was 24% (18/75) and 27.3% (63/231) respectively. The S. aureus isolates showed the most resistant to chloramphenicol and the least resistant to vancomycin. The results of the PCR assays revealed that 85.7% (12/14) of S. aureus isolates from farm workers and 44.4% (16/36) of S. aureus isolates from broilers were positive for the mecA gene. The direct handling of broilers by farm workers plays the important role for transport the MRSA isolates from broilers to broilers farm workers.

This study aimed to assess the changes of blood cells constitutions and study the histopathological sections of liver and spleen in dual sexes mice infected with brucella melitensis and the role of chitosan supplement with and without Rev-1 vaccine in enhancing the inflammatory proses, two experiments were undertaken on 100 albino mice, aged 8-10 weeks for 60 days, first experiment done on 50 males and second one done on 50 females. Results of hematological analysis showed that there are significant increase at P3), red blood cells count RBC (× 10⁶), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular value (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte (LY%), granulocyte (GR) and lymphocytes m/mm³ (LYM) in males treated groups comparing with females, the highest values were in immunized infected mice with chitosan diet supplement compared to infected animals. The histopathological lesions recorded there is presence of chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration with presence of granulomatous lesion in the liver of immunized animals, presence of mild to moderate lesions characterized by hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in spleen and small granulomatous lesions in liver of immunized animals fed diet with chitosan supplement.

Troponin-I, homocysteine, Creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase and acute phase response had been evaluated in calves with myocarditis due to FMD. The study was conducted on 52 local breed calves 1-6 months old and from both sexes, their dams have no history for vaccination against FMD and show classical foot and mouth disease signs. Ten clinically healthy calves of the same ages were considered as controls. Suspected calves neither show oral blisters, rope salivation, nor foot lesions. Diseased calves showed signs of dullness, in activity, panting with mouth breathing, unable to suck, recumbency, However, five of diseased calves were died within 24-72 hours and on macroscopic examinations of autopsied animals, necrotic myocarditis with pale foci with a zone of hyperemia which were present on the papillary and ventricular cardiac muscles, moreover, on histopathological examinations there were severe inflammatory cells infiltration in the interstitial of myocardial fibers with obvious area of coagulation of myocardial fibers and marked area of hyalinization, furthermore, severe mononuclear cells infiltration, mainly lymphocytes, with few neutrophils closed to necrotic myocardial fibers were also detected. Diagnosis of FMD virus was confirmed by using commercially NSP ELISA kits for foot and mouth. A significant increase (p>0.05)was encounteredin body temperature, respiratory and heart rates in diseased animals than in controls, Furthermore, abnormal cardiac sounds (organic murmurs) were indicated on auscultation of the heart. Results of hematological parameters shown a significant increase indicated in ESR values of diseased calves than in controls, moreover, total leukocyte count was increased significantly with significant lymphocytosis. Furthermore, the results were also showed significant increase in values of serum cardiac troponin, homocysteine, creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in seropositive calves for FMD compared with controls. It can be concluded that determination of cardiac biomarkers and acute phase response concentration in calves with myocarditis can considered as a guide to quantify early heart damage.

This study was carried out in Sulaymaniyah province, Iraq to estimate the concentration of some biochemical parameters and trace elements in the serum of sheep infected with the metacestodes of Taenia hydatigena. The present study included the measurement of some biochemical parameters as total protein, albumin and globulin and evaluation of trace elements as zinc, copper and iron using automatic analyzer and spectrophotometer respectively. For this purpose, up to 40 serum samples from sheep infected with T. hydatigena cysts and 10 serum samples from non-infected group had been used. The findings of the current study showed significant elevated levels in both total protein and globulin compared to non-infected group, where the total protein and globulin levels were 8.04 ± 0.275 g/dl and 5.90 ± 0.321 g/dl respectively, compared to the non-infected group 6.686 ± 0.409 g/dl and 4.124 ± 0.479 g/dl respectively. While, the mean serum albumin in infected sheep was significantly decreased 2.14 ± 0.224 g/dl compared to non-infected one 2.562 ± 0.152 g/dl. About the results of trace elements, the serum Cu was significantly increased in infected group 1.42 ± 0.466 mg/L compared to non-infected one 0.90 ± 0.171 mg/L, while the mean serum Zn concentration was significantly decreased in infected group 0.37 ± 0.230 mg/L compared to non-infected group 0.70 ± 0.108 mg/L. Although, the mean serum Fe of infected sheep 1.42 ± 0.388 mg/L was slightly lower than non-infected one 1.26 ± 0.490 mg/L, statistically there was no significant difference between them. It was concluded that T. hydatigena cysts had significant effects on serum total protein, globulin, Zn and Cu.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate Prosopis farcta extracts on some complications associated with diabetes in rats. The experimental rats of 1.5-2 months old that weighed 190-220 g were randomly divided into six groups of seven animals each. Body weight, serum glucose, hematological changes and lipid profiles were studied. Alloxan was used of induction diabetes in rats. 252 rats were used anddifferent doses of the ethyl acetate extracts of roots, fruits, and leaves of P. farcta were orally administered daily for 28 daysfornormal and diabetic rats and the effective dose was 200 mg/kg BW for each kind of extracts. The results showed that administration of root, leaves and fruit extracts of P. farcta caused improvement in body weight, blood glucose, red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hematocrit (HCT orPCV) in alloxan diabetic rats in insulin like treatment manner, with the most effective improving effect for roots extract. Regarding to the effects on total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count, administration of extracts caused decrease in the total WBC and neutrophil count. Administration of root, leaves and fruit extracts of P. farcta, showed suppression in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and increasing in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) of alloxan diabetic rats. In conclusion, the P. farcta extracts possesses properties of improving some health complications accompanied diabetes in rats.

Consumption of food and water contaminated with heavy metals poses a huge threat to the life. Both of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) are heavy metals and important environmental pollutants. Away from traditional treatments, the current study aims to adopt probiotic bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceu to treat heavy metal pollution. Present results indicated a good probiotic property of P. pentosaceus, where they were able to survive pH range from 3-9, during incubation periods 3 and 24 hours, and bile salt range 0.15-0.5% for the same period. The number of bacteria in gastric (pH 3) and intestinal juices (pH 8) after 24 hours of incubation was 390 and 205, respectively. Bacteria showed an inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria Salmonella sp. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed them resistant to clindamycin, intermediate resistant against benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and their sensitivity to the rest tested antibiotics. Isolated bacteria identified based on their morphology, biochemical characteristic in addition to the use of automated instrument for bacterial identification (Vitek II), and depending on the results bacteria were identified as P. pentosaceus. In bioremediation study, the lowest inhibitory concentration of lead and cadmium and (MIC) was done, followed by assay the removal capacity by P. pentosaceus, using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analysis. Bacteria show high MIC (1800 and 150 ppm) for Pb and Cd respectively. With removal efficiency for Pb 62.10-68.39% in the concentrations 25 and 50 ppm, respectively, and for Cd 52.71-11.25% in the same concentrations. Depending on the present finding probiotic bacteria (P. pentosaceus) can apply in the bioremediation of heavy metals in the fish ponds when contamination occurs, in addition to their tradition used as safety additive to prevent fish disease and an enhancement agent .Finally the isolation of these bacteria from fish ponds can be considered as a good indicator for a healthy state of fish ponds in the studied area.

In this study 70 samples were collected from 14-26 weeks old egg laying hens. Clinical signs of infected chickens characterized by lameness, swelling in hock joint. Samples include blood for preparation of serum also hock joints and tendon for virus isolation. Hyperimmune sera was prepared by injection of broiler chickens four times with vaccine strain Reo 1133^R 0.2 ml subcutaneously in the neck. Samples were processed and prepared for virus isolation by using 6 days old embryonated chicken egg which was inoculated in yolk sac four passages. Lesions in egg embryo was recorded for each passage then the isolates were diagnosed by using neutralization test using convalescent and hyperimmune sera. Clinical signs of infected birds characterized by swelling and enlargement and edema of hock joint, postmortem lesions revealed swelling and injury in tendon, ulceration and erosions in cartilage and discoloration in synovial fluid, hemorrhage in the leg and yellow necrotic foci in the liver, the result of virus cultivation in embryonated chicken egg show dwarfism in growth, death of embryo with subcutaneous hemorrhage, initiated in 2^nd passage and subsequent passages, this lesion increase in severity with progress of passages and with decrease in death time in hours and increase in titer of virus particles. The virus titer was decreased when neutralized by using neutralization test it gives 22 isolates were positive from 34 isolates.

Haematological changes, oxidative stress markers and electrolyte alterations were evaluated in puppies infected with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) that were presented to veterinary hospitals and clinics in South Eastern, Nigeria. Fifty-one dogs were used for the study and they were assigned into three groups. Group I consist of 21 diarrhoeic dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus, groups II, were 15 diarrhoeic dogs uninfected with canine parvovirus and group III, were 15 apparently healthy dogs which served as the control. Immunochromatographic (IC) test was used to screen the dogs for canine parvovirus type 2 infections. The mean red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (HB) concentrations were significantly lower in the diarrhoeic infected than diarrhoeic non-infected and the control groups. The mean catalase (CAT) of diarrhoeic non-infected group was significantly lower than diarrhoeic infected group and the control. The mean malondialdehyde (MDA) of both diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups were significantly higher than the control. The mean serum sodium (Na⁺) level of the diarrhoeic non infected group was significantly lower than the diarrhoeic infected group. The mean serum potassium (K⁺) level was significantly lower both in diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups compared to the control groups. It was therefore concluded that the levels of oxidative stress and electrolyte alterations may not be affected by the origin or aetiology of a disease (CPV-2), but on the severity of the infection.

The present study was designed to identify the histopathological effect of fluoxetine (fluoxetine hydrochloride) on the pregnant mice brain and their fetuses as well as recording weight changes at doses of 60 and 80 mg/kg of body weight which were administrated to the pregnant mice from the 7^th up to the 18^th day of pregnancy and once a day. The results showed histopathological lesions in the adult pregnant mice brain at the dose of 60 mg/kg. induced massive necrotic area of neurons in the cerebral cortex, necrosis of the molecular layer cells while the dose of 80 mg/kg the changes include vasogenic edema in the sub cortical area, severe degeneration and necrosis of the cortex. The lesions in cerebellum were more severe than recorded in the cerebrum. The results also showed the presence of many lesions in the fetus brain at the dose 60 mg/kg and they were degeneration, necrosis of many neurons in the cerebrum while at the dose of 80 mg/kg. There were increase of degeneration and necrosis in the cortical area of fetus brain. In conclusion, the use of fluoxetine in pregnant mice caused decrease in body weight and Histopathological changes in the brain of both of the mothers and their embryos, thus the use of antidepressant by pregnant woman can be harmful for the mothers and the fetus.

Avian reoviruses can infect birds without any clinical signs of infection, the infection may associate with different manifestations including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis and malabsorption syndrome. The objective of this study was to use advance methods representing by molecular methods (RT-PCR, RT-qPCR) in the diagnosis of ARV infection in broiler breeders' flocks. A 4 flocks of broiler breeders (ROSS breed) 39 weeks age with approximately10% morbidity rate due to Avian Reovirus (ARV). The clinical examination of 16 infected birds revealed unilateral lameness and swelling of hock joint. Blood samples were collected from wing vein of infected birds. Sera were tested for antibodies titer against ARV and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). 5 of 16 positive samples were selected randomly for amplification by RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. The results showed in postmortem examination of infected birds, unilateral arthritis with visible joint lesions. Antibodies titer measured by ELISA in the sera of birds after 4 and 20 weeks of infection with ARV was positive and high. In RT- PCR1 of 5 samples gave positive reaction for amplification while in RT-qPCR all five samples gave positive results for amplification in comparison with +ve and -ve control.

Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease is a chronic debilitating disease mainly infects ruminants and caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Previous serological studies in Mosul city confirm the presence of positive reactants for paratuberculosis in cattle. However, culture methods to confirm the disease need a long incubation period and also special media. Raw cow’s milk is considered as potential source for transmission of M. paratuberculosis in cows’ herds. Accordingly, this study aimed to detect the presence of M. paratuberculosis specifically in the raw cow’s milk using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique as a rapid, sensitive and reliable method. A total of 50 samples of raw cow’s milk were collected from cows suffering from emaciation and unresponsive to antibiotic treatment. All the samples were subjected to DNA extraction and direct amplification PCR. The results showed that 3 (6%) out of 50 milk samples were positive for M. paratuberculosis. This is the first study in Mosul city that confirms the presence of M. paratuberculosis in raw cow’s milk using PCR technique. In conclusion, raw cow’s milk could be an important source for M. paratuberculosis infection in dairy cows, and also PCR technique could be helpful in rapid diagnosis of paratuberculosis.

The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and Probiotic on some reproductive performance and hormone profile in female quail. Six hundred one day - old quail birds were randomly divided to four treatments (60 birds/treatment) with 3 replicates for each group treatment (20 birds / replicate) and at three duration periods. The first period 1-7 weeks, second period 7 - 13 weeks, third period 1-13 weeks. The group of study were control was fed on a standard ration. the second, third and fourth treatments were given β-mannanase. Lysolecithin. probiotic 0.5 g /kg ration respectively. Blood samples wear taken for blood serum analysis. including estimation of follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The results revealed that the treated groups showed a significant increase in relative weight of the ovary and oviduct compared with control group. β-mannanase and probiotic groups showed a significant increase in the oviduct length compared with the control and Lysolecithin groups. There was a significant increase in the numbers of growing and mature follicles and weight of large follicle in all treated groups compared with control group. The 3^rd period showed a significant increase in the relative weight of ovary. oviduct and numbers of growing follicles. while the 2^nd and 3^rd period showed a significant increase in the oviduct length. About the interaction between treatments and periods. the best result appeared in the ovarian relative weight in the 3^rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. the 3^rd period of probiotic showed a significant increase in the oviduct relative weight and for the oviduct length at 2^ed and 3^rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. while 3^rd period of probiotic show best interaction in the numbers of growing follicles, as 2^nd and 3^rd periods showed better increase in the mature follicle's numbers and for large follicle weight in 1^st and 2^nd period of probiotic. The result also showed a significant increase in the FSH and LH level in all treated groups compared with control group. The 2^nd and 3^rd period were better significantly in the level of FSH and LH. Probiotic at 2^nd and 3^rd period showed a significant interaction on the level of FSH. On the other hand, 2^nd and 3^rd period for the β-mannanase and probiotic showed a better significant in the LH level. In conclusion. β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and probiotic supplementation to quail ration improved the hormonal status and enhance reproduction.

Toxoplasmosis is very important zoonotic disease in the world cause by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii can infect human and all warm-blood animals, beef consider from most important source for infection with T. gondii and there is no really data and study about the rate of the infection in beef in Al-Diwaniyah province, so for this reason the aim of this work was designed. A total of 300 samples which collected from heart, tongue, muscles, of 100 slaughtered beef of local and imported cattle, throughout the period from September 2017 to May 2018, initially examined microscopically for searching on T. gondii bradyzoites then all suspected samples was subjected to conventional PCR technique through B1gene amplification to confirm the infection, in addition to analyzed the recorded data for each sample to determine the effect of some factors on prevalence of infection like organ, season and animal age. Out of 300 tested samples only 53 were confirm positive T. gondii DNA. The infection in local beef was higher (22%) than in imported (13.5%), while there is no difference in infection among different examined organs. Regarding to effect of some factors, the autumn season recorded highest rate of infection with significant differences rather than others seasons in both local and imported beef, whereas, age appears with no effect on infection. The local cattle meat is riskier than the imported due to the higher rate of infection with T. gondii, and the animal age cannot affect on the infection rate, in comparing with the season which play role in this rate.

This study was conducted for diagnosis and description of the pathological changes of AIV-H5 as the causative pathogen in Iraqi broiler farms. The current study was carried out on 84 broiler farms. Infected birds were tested for detection of the AIV infection from the tracheal swabs by rapid chromatographic AIV type A and H5 test kits. In RRT-PCR 8 samples (8 farms) of Trachea were selected to be tested by this assay. Samples of trachea, lung, and spleen from the dead birds with natural AIV-H5 infection were submitted for histopathological examination. seventy-two out of 84 farms tested for AIV-Type A gave positive results, and 58 out of 72 positives for type A-AIV gave a positive result for H5 antigen in a rapid chromatographic strip. The main gross lesions in the trachea of infected birds were severe congestion and hemorrhage. In the RRT-PCR assay, 8 out of 8 samples gave a distinct positive result for this test. The microscopic histopathological examination of infected tracheas showed obvious desquamation of lining epithelium with complete loss of cilia associated with congestion of blood vessels in lamina properia. Infected lungs revealed diffuse alveolar damage and severe multifocal vascular congestion. There was deposition of fibrinous material in the splenic tissue associated with the disappearance of the germinal centers. Thus, we concluded that AIV-H5 infection causes severe pathological and histopathological changes as a result of systemic infection. The RRT-PCR assay was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes.

Prosopis farctais belonged to Mimosaceae family, commonly known as mesquite. It was chosen to investigate their effect on α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (in-vitro), serum glucose and liver functions. Roots, fruits, and leaves of P. farcta, were extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. α-glucosidase inhibition was analyzed by using ELISA technique then half maximal inhibitory concentration IC₅₀ was found. The blood glucose levels were determined with a glucose analyzer model. The serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum total bilirubin (TB) were estimated by using the Cobas diagnostic kit with a fully automated chemical analyzer. Diabetes was done by a single dose of 120 mg alloxan/kg b.w with subcutaneously injection. Ethyl acetate extracts of P. farcta showed the higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and the best one was root extract. Treatments of the alloxan-induced diabetes rats were done by daily oral administration of different concentrations with P. farcta extracts of ethyl acetate for 28 days and the dose 200 mg/kg BW was the effective one. The root extract was the best one for reduction of serum glucose followed by leaves then fruits. Administration of root extract of P. farcta showed a decrease in the levels of ALP and TB in alloxan-induced diabetes rats. The fruit extract of P. farcta showed decreasing in the level of ALP in alloxan-induced diabetes rats. In conclusion, the P. farcta extracts for ethyl acetate have properties of hypoglycemic effect as well as improving some parameters related with diabetic complications of liver functions.

The current study investigated the effect of acidophilus plus probiotic in the immune activities in mice to infestation with the cystic echinococcosis. Two dilutions of the probiotic bacteria 9*10⁶/0.1 ml, 30*10³/0.1 ml CFU were used, by intraperitoneally injection in the experimental animals, pre and post infections with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. Before infection remedy comprised injection by acidophilus plus twice with 72 hours interval, on the seventh day, animals were injected with protoscoleces intraperitoneally, after infection remedy implicated injection of animals with protoscoleces of Echinococcus protoscoleces first, next to 72 hours, probiotics were inoculated intraperitoneally. Many criteria were taken into consideration including, numbers, weights, diameters and percentage reduction of hydatid cysts of treated mice in contrast to the animals infested with only. The study showed a decline in cysts including their diameter, weighting, digit, accompanied by increasing the percentage reduction of hydatid cysts in treated mice, the highest percentage reduction was 98.03%, at both dilutions, 6 months post infection, and the minimum cysts number was 0.8 in comparison with the control group 39.4, with significant difference, in the same experiment. The minimum cysts weight was 0.0104 gm, 6 months post infection at the dilution 9*10⁶/0.1 ml CFU, compared with the control group 0.442 gm. The smallest cysts diameter was 0.057 mm in comparison with the control group 0.882 mm at dilution 9*10⁶/0.1 ml CFU, 6 months post infection. Acidophilus plus it may well be deduced that probiotic bacteria can be used as medicinal and remedial method against infection with hydatidosis.

This study was conducted to investigate the 18S rRNA gene of Fasciola gigantica obtained from the liver of cattle live in Aqrah city, Iraq. Fifty-nine Fasciola flukes were collected through routine investigation from livers of naturally infected local cattle (42 cows), from May to August 2017, at the central slaughterhouse of Aqrah city, Kurdistan region of Iraq, the flukes were washed by PBS and then fixed in ethanol. Genomic DNA was extracted, and a 560 bp fragment was amplified by PCR, subsequent by sequencing of PCR products. A remarkable result of this project was the deposition of our gene isolate in GenBank (Accession No. MG786553). However, it was confirmed by the sequence results that isolate species was F. gigantica, and interestingly our samples sequences have alignment match of 100% with many international isolates, without genetic mutations or variations. It is concluded that molecular study could be utilized for both diagnosis and differential diagnosis of parasites with huge precise. Also, an 18S rRNA gene is a perfect fragment for molecular study and phylogenetic analysis of F. gigantica, also our samples have 100% alignment match with universal isolates.

The present study was conducted to estimate the incidence, clinical findings, cytological and histopathological characteristics of spontaneously occurring skin neoplasms in dogs. A total of 40 grossly suspected cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors were gathered during the period from July 2016 to August 2018 from male and female dogs in Baghdad city. Dogs with skin neoplasia revealed various clinical signs, and their ages were older than 5 years to 15 years. German shepherd 30% followed by Terrier dogs 25% were more influenced than other breeds. Concerning tumor features, the majority of neoplasms had solitary lesion 70%, regular shapes 65% with black color 55%. The tumors frequently occurred on fore-limbs and abdomen, and 80% of them lasted for 1-6 months. Cytological examination was valuable for initial evaluation of benign and malignant tumors. Its results were confirmed by the histopathology, in which the majority of neoplasms sized more than 5 cm and grade I. Nine different types of skin neoplasms were recognized, while 65% of them were malignant, the others were benign. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas were the most common comprising 35% and 25%, respectively.

The heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) has important roles in protecting cells and keeping them alive when exposed to different stress conditions. The polymorphism of the hsp 70 gene could be linked with the ability of stress tolerance. This study aimed to determine the polymorphism of the hsp 70 gene in Iraqi buffaloes and study bits effects on the resistance to stress. This study was conducted during from November 2018 to February 2019. The number of buffalo females used was 35 at the age of 4 - 6 years, which belonged to the local farmers from Basra city, Iraq. The DNA was extraction from the blood samples then the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed. The DNA sequences were analyzed by using bioinformatics analysis. The results of the molecular analysis showed that there were two groups of the hsp 70 gene as a compare with the same genes in GenBank due to silent and missense mutations. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Iraqi buffaloes have adapted to the surrounding environmental conditions as a result of the action of HSP 70 proliferation. The hsp 70 gene was a useful biomarker of stress tolerance in buffaloes.

This study includes collection of 120 samples of sheep esophagus from slaughtered sheep in Mosul abattoir from December 2013 to March 2014 for detection of lesions and their incidence. Total 85 esophagus samples showed lesions from the total collected samples. The revealed lesions included disturbance of cell metabolism manifested by coagulative necrosis, sloughing of epithelial lining the esophagus and vacuolar degeneration at incidence rate 67.7, 23.5 and 17.6% respectively, circulatory disturbances like petechial, diffuse hemorrhage and edema were noticed at incidence rate 7.05, 4.7 and 3.5% respectively. Also results showed epithelial hyperplasia, fibroplasia and hyperkeratosis at 47, 24.7 and 31.7% of the total collected samples respectively, whereas eosinophilic inflammation of esophagus appeared at 3.5% of collected samples. Jaundice represent the disturbance in pigmentation reported at ratio of 16.4%, also additionally there was parasitic infestation represented by sarcocystosis and worm infestation which impeded in muscularis layer of esophagus at percentage ratio 50.5% and 3.5% respectively and a single case of esophageal diverticulosis was recorded at percentage ratio of 1.17%. Section that stained which Masson trichrome stain showed fibroplasia with proliferation of fibroblasts that take a bluish green color between muscle fibers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Effective Microorganisms (EM1^®) for inhibiting the growth of some pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were used in this study and isolated from pathological conditions. These bacteria were diagnosed in laboratory of microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul. The colonies that taken from blood agar were 5-7 and cultured in the nutrient broth and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. Bacterial growth was calibrated with the second tube of the McFarland tubes 0.5%. Several concentrations of EM product were prepared 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125%. Decimal dilutions were done for each concentration of EM product with bacterial suspension, except control group was done for bacterial suspension with nutrient broth. The bacterial count was done on nutrient agar, milk agar and EMB agar. The results of this study showed that the product of EM1^® within concentrations 0.5-1% was highly efficient in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria under study. The bacterial count of both S. aureus and E. coli was 54x10⁷ and 52x10⁷ CFU/ ml respectively at 1% EM1^®, and 67x10⁷ and 86x10⁷ CFU/ ml respectively at 0.5%, while the counting of the control group was 42x10⁹ and 67x10⁹ CFU/ ml respectively. This study concluded that EM1^® at low concentrations have a clear role in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Coenurus cerebralis of Tenia multiceps in sheep of Nineveh governorate. One handed and thirty-six sheep heads were examined for the presence of coenurus cysts 31 (22.8%) were infected. The younger were more affected than the adults. There were no significant differences between the number of infected males and females. The clinical signs varied from one animal to another which consisted of neurological disorders manifested by depression, bending of the head to one side, walking in a circular movement and paralysis in the hind limbs, while some animals did not give the clinical symptoms despite the existence of cyst. The number of cysts were ranged from 1 to 4 cysts/animal. The size of these cyst was ranged from 0.5 to 4 cm, and the volume of fluid in these cysts were ranged from 1 to 6 ml while the number of protoscolices in the cyst were ranged from 60 - 360 protoscolex, the mean length of large and small hooks was 179.95 µm respectively. The study also considered the identification of some chemical constituents of fluid of coenurus cyst such as glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, sodium, potassium, urea and pH.

This study was performed in isolation of some pathogenic fungi from milk of apparently healthy cows. Eighty milk samples were collected from four quarters of twenty cows in the Abu Ghraib. Each sample was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose Agar at 28±2 ºC for 4-7 days. The most predominant mold and yeast were Acremonium spp. and Rhodotorula spp. that had used in the experimental infection. The number of experimental mice used in this study was 30 which divided into three equal groups. The 1^st group was infected with Acremonium spp. by injection of 0.2 ml of 2*10⁷ conidia/ml intraperitoneally. The 2^nd group was inoculated with same dose and route with Rhodotorula spp., while the3^rd group served as control group. All mice were sacrificed after 2 weeks of injection, Serum was obtained for biochemical analysis of hepatic and renal enzymes. Some of internal organs of infected groups were taken for histopathological study. The result recorded that the total percentage of fungal infection was 53 (66.3%) of these Acremonium spp. 9 (24.3%) and Rhodotorula spp. 7 (43.8%). Histopathological sections of the 1^st group showed severe lesions in kidney than 2^nd group although both groups showed lesions in most internal organs. Blood biochemical results showed the yeast has highest significant differences on ALT levels, while the mold has highest effect on serum creatinine, with insignificant difference on urea. In conclusion it could be said that in spite of Acremonium spp. and Rhodotorula spp. are considered as contaminant fungi, but they can cause disseminated mycosis in mice.

The present study was carried out to determine additional chewing lice of aquatic birds and additional data on the prevalence of chewing lice in aquatic birds found on the Southern marshes of Iraq. Sixty-nine of different species of aquatic birds were randomly collected and examined for chewing lice in Al-Sanaf marsh, which is located in Thi-Qar province / Southern Iraq, between October 2016 and February 2017, the lice placed in tubes containing 70% ethanol after that they cleared, mounted and identified according to morphological features. Twenty-five (36.23%) out of 69 aquatic birds were infested with chewing lice, a total of six lice species were identified from birds in the current study included Piagetiella titan and Pectinopygus forficulatus infested White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, Actornithophilus piceus lari infested Slender-billed Gull Larus geni, Actornithophilus himantopi infested Black-Winged stilt Himantopus himantopus, Rallicola fulicae isolated from coot Fulica atra and Rallicola parani infested moorhen Gallinula chloropus. Three lice species: Pectinopygus forficulatus, Rallicola fulicae and Rallicola parani were recorded in current study for the first time in Iraq. We need further investigations of Phthiraptera fauna are very important, not only to complete the list, but also to provide information about parasite-host vector relationships and phylogenetic relation among species.

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplements of organic acid and essential oil Gallant^+® on the growth hormone, glutathione, performance of growth, some biochemical parameters and intestinal histomorphology in quails. Japanese quails one-day-old (n=120) were distributed randomly into four groups included 10 / 3 replicates for each group. The G1, was control group that was fed on a basal diet. Quails of G2, G3, and G4 were fed on a supplemented diet Gallant^+® 300, 600 and 900g/ton,respectively. Administration of Gallant^+® 600 g/ton and 900g/ton to quail led to significant decrease in triglyceride while supplementation with 600 g/ton caused decrease in cholesterol. On the other hand, 300 g/ton caused an increase in final body weight and total weight through the duration of the experiment, as well as a decrease in total feed consumption and the best feed conversion ratio in all supplementation with 300 g/ton caused a significant growth hormone elevation. All feed additives didn't affect the level of glutathione. The addition of Gallant^+® additive groups. Interestingly, the addition of different doses of Gallant^+® to the diet increased villus length and width, crypt depth, villus / crypt ratio, percentage of goblet cell, apparent surface area, and intestinal epithelium thickness compared to the control group. It was concluded that dietary supplementation with different doses of Gallant^+® improved growth hormone, growth performance and intestinal histomorphology in Japanese quails, and dietary supplementation with organic acid and essential oil as alternatives to the growth promoter of antibiotics.

The aim of the present study was to determine the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin in mice separately and to study their toxic and neurobehavioral effects. Median Lethal Doses (LD₅₀) of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin were determined depending on up and down method. The oral LD₅₀ of chlorpyrifos was 193.05 mg/kg and of deltamethrin was 15.71 mg/kg in mice. The oral administration of chlorpyrifos 155 mg/kg and deltamethrin 12.56 mg/kg represent 80% of LD₅₀ resulted in acute signs of poisoning that manifested by dyspnea, salivation and lacrimation at 100%, piloerection, straub tail, tremors, convulsions and death at 70% for chlorpyrifos and 60% for deltamethrin and writhing reflex at 20% for chlorpyrifos. Oral administration of chlorpyrifos 310 mg/kg and deltamethrin 24 mg/kg increased severity of toxicosis signs as a percentage of piloerection, straub tail, tremors, seizures and death 100%. As well as decrease the onset of tremors, convulsions and death, writhing reflex which appears at 20% for chlorpyrifos and 10% for deltamethrin. After three hours of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin oral administration at doses represent 20% and 10% of LD₅₀ there are significantly hypoactivation in open-field activity, significantly increased in the duration of negative geotaxis performance, significantly decreased in head pocking and swimming scores compared to control group. In conclusion we found that deltamethrin was more toxic than chlorpyrifos this is based on the LD₅₀ value. However, the signs of toxicosis and neurobehavioral effects produced by both toxicants were not differential and could not be associated with the toxic level.

The disaccharides, consisting of sucrose, lactose and maltose, are hydrolysed into monosaccharides (D-glucose, D-galactose and D-fructose) by intestinal brush border enzymes: sucrase, lactase and maltase. The aim of this study to investigate changes in the brush-border membrane carbohydrate digestive enzymes. From intestinal mucosal scrapings of equine, brush border membrane vesicles were isolated. The results showed that sucrase, maltase and lactase are present in the equine small intestine. The activity of all three enzymes is highest proximally (in the duodenum and jejunum) and lower in the ileum. There was considerable variation between individual horses, however the majority showed highest disaccharidase activity in the jejunum, with some showing highest activity in the duodenum. Sucrase activity is highest in the jejunum and duodenum and lower in the ileum. Maltase activity is similar in all three regions, but slightly higher in the jejunum. Lactase activity is low in all three regions of the small intestine, slightly higher in the equine jejunum and duodenum than ileum. From this study, we can conclude that the equine small intestine digests disaccharides by the brush-border associated disaccharidases sucrase, maltase and lactase. Levels of sucrase and lactase are comparable to other species, but maltase is much higher.

The use of antibiotics in inappropriate on food producing animals can lead to resistance many of the pathogenic bacteria to the various types of antibiotics, one of which is the Escherichia coli (E. coli) which produces extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Antibiotic resistance in animals and humans has become a global problem that needs attention and immediate management by using specific antibiotics that used for therapeutic the infected animals. The aim of this study was to isolate and detect E. coli producing ESBL. All E. coli from the surface of dairy cow rectal swabs in Sendang District, Tulungagung Regency, Indonesia using the Vitek-2 method. The number of rectal swab samples used in the present study was 50. The results of this study showed that all the samples were suspected of being E. coli, based on the morphological growth of colonies on the EMBA media. The isolates were identified by using the biochemical tests. All the samples were positive. In this study the double disc synergy test (DDST) method was using to confirm the ESBL. The antibiotics were used amoxicylyn-clavulanate, ceftazidime and cefotaxime for DDST. In additional ESBL confirmation test was used the Vitek-2 method. The presence of ESBL producing by E. coli isolated from rectal dairy swabs in tulungagung was 6% (3/50).

This study aimed to assess the level of testicular damage by observing the changes in the diameter and epithelium thickness of seminiferous tubules in rats that exposure to nicotine per inhalation. Thirty adult male rats were used and divided into five equal groups and treatment as follows for 20 days; Control group NaCl 0.9%, P1 nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, P2 nicotine 1.0 mg/kg, P3 nicotine 2.0 mg/kg and P4 nicotine 4.0 mg/kg. All groups were given treatment per inhalation for twenty days. At the end of treatment and the rats were sacrificed testes were collected for histopathological preparation. The testes were processed for routine paraffin embedding and staining and the sections were examined for histopathological changes. There results showed that nicotine administration induced varying degrees of structural damage to the seminiferous tubules, as the decreased in diamater and epithelium thickness of seminiferous tubules. The diameter and epithelium thickness of seminiferous tubules in four experimental groups reduced compared to the control group. This study proves that nicotine administration does decreases the spermatogenesis of rats by reducing the diameter and epithelium thickness of seminiferous tubules in testes. It also proves that the level of testicular damage is directly proportional to the dosage of nicotine administrated to male rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of mange in sheep in Anbar province by examining 462 heads of sheep. The disease was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping taken from the infected animals in the laboratory. The results showed that sheep were infected with Sarcoptes scabiei parasite, and the total infection rate was 34.6%, and no significant difference was recorded between males 34% and females 35.2%, the highest rate was recorded in the month of January %56 and the lowest in the month of August 13.1%, and the highest rate of infection was 49% in sheep at the age of 6 months - 2 years and significant differences for the rest of the ages. Head and neck lesions recorded the highest infection rate of 28.7 and 34.3% respectively. The study also included the effect of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica on the parasite, concentrations of 2.5-10 mg/ml have significantly affected parasites, it was noted the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during the different treatment periods. The highest concentration of 10 mg /ml resulted in the disappearance of all scabies parasites on day 14 of the treatment. Results showed sheep infection in Anbar province with mange in both sexes, high incidence of infection in young ages, high rate of infection in the winter months, and head lesions recorded the highest percentage of infection, the results showed the effect of concentrations of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica plant largely on the parasite.

Shigella is an intracellular bacterium can infect both human and animal. Its species especially Shigella dysenteriae cause shigellosis worldwide, with 165 million cases of severe bloody diarrhea and mucoid feces. The aim of this study was to find a rapid, sensitive and specific method for screening Shigella in raw bovine contaminated milk. For this goal, 70 samples of milk collected in sterile containers for isolating of Shigella and culturing it on selective media to identify and characterize its morphology, biochemical and molecular characteristics. This study was compared between three different DNA extraction techniques for polymerase chain reaction (direct DNA extraction using a kit, alkaline DNA extraction, and filtrated milk). Our results showed that PCR was able to detect Shigella in 15 out of 15 cases after the milk samples filtered. In other words, the filter technique can be used to detect Shigella in contaminated milk.

 This study was conducted for comparison between two different modern methods for the diagnosis of the nematode worms' infection in sheep we used acridine orange fluorochrome and specific staining kit in fecal samples. We examined 50 sheep fecal samples; the total infection rate was about 96% when was used lectin - fluorescein kit while the total infection rate was 74% when we used acridine orange fluorochrome technique. In conclusion of this study indicated that lectin - fluorescein kit is more effective than acridine orange fluorochrome in the diagnosis of nematode worms' eggs. Also, we conclude from this study the importance of using fluorescence - lectin kit technique in the diagnosis of nematodes eggs because they are distinguished by their speed, efficiency and accuracy, as they compare with the fecal culture technique to cultivate the larvae from eggs in order to diagnosed the type of nematodes eggs, the lectin - fluorescein kit technique is the first in Iraq.

This study included the investigation of blood parasites in 150 geese. The results showed a high infection rate of 70.7%. The infection rate in the geese with small ages was higher compared to the large ages with 84.2 and 47.3% respectively, with no significant difference in infection rate between males and females. The highest infection rate of the parasite is Aegyptianella sp. 26.4% followed by Haemoproteus sp., Plasmodium sp., Leucocytozoon sp. and Trypanosoma sp. with infection rates of 19.8, 18.9, 14.2 and 2.8% respectively, as well as micro larvae of Microfilariae sp. with an infection rate of 17.9%, the two-type infection was the highest, with 45.3%. Microscopic examination of stained blood samples during laboratory experiments showed microscopic developments of the ookinete, which appeared within five hours after blood exposed to air and the ookinete measurement rate was 19.5 × 2 microns.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of adding Propolis to broiler feeds and the effect on some biochemical and biological parameters represented by its effect on the total bacterial count of intestinal flora as well as the antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and lactobacillus. We used 150 broiler chicks type Ross at the first day of age divided randomly into three groups each of 17 chicks with three replications, the first one is control group and the second and third group fed on feeds containing two levels of propolis 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. Results showed that using propolis at 400 mg/kg in the diet lead to a significant decrease in level of triglycerides which was 34.58 mg/ 100 ml accompanied by a mathematical reduction in total cholesterol and LDL levels, while there was an increase in glucose level. The highest propolis levels were effective in significant reduction in total bacterial count of intestinal flora, especially in the seventh week 4.9 log₁₀, represented by a significant reduction in counts of staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus and Escherichia coli 2.6, 3.6, 3.1 log₁₀ respectively.

The current search experiments designed to study the effect of chronic and acute heat stress on the relationship between HSP70, leptin and luteinizing hormones level in female rats. 45 female pups were used in the age of weaning, were randomly divided into three equal groups. 1^st group was a control group, 2^nd group exposed to chronic heat stress at 38 ºC for 1hour a day since the age of weaning until onset of puberty and the 3^rd group exposed to acute heat stress at 38 ºC for 4 hours per day for 5 consecutive days from 35 day age of rat and each group above were secondary divided into 3 age groups consisted of pre-puberty, at puberty and post-puberty. Results of study showed female rats exposed to chronic and acute stress led to significant increase in the level of luteinizing hormone at onset of the puberty. The result showed correlation coefficient between the level of HSP70 and leptin hormone significantly in the females acute stressed group at onset of puberty, as well as female exposed to chronic heat stress led to significant correlation coefficient between HSP70 and leptin hormone at post puberty. The result revealed significant correlation coefficient between HSP70 and luteinizing hormone in female control group at onset of puberty. It concluded from this study there is relationship between HSP70 and leptin hormone at onset puberty during acute heat stress and same relationship at post puberty during chronic heat stress.

One hundred fifteen samples of the urinary bladder were collected randomly from slaughtered local bovine calves in Mosul city during March 2018. Gross and histopathological changes revealed in 37 samples 23.1%. Gross changes represented by congestions, petechial hemorrhage, inflammation and cystic hernia. Histopathological changes included the disturbances of cell metabolism represented by cell swelling of transitional epithelial cells and smooth muscle cell 16.2%, and coagulative necrosis of epithelium of mucosa and Zenker's necrosis of muscular layer 40.5%. cell adaptation manifested by epithelial hyperplasia 18.9% and smooth muscle fibers atrophy 8.1%. Circulatory disturbances represented by hyperemia and congestion 51.3%, petechial hemorrhage, edema and thrombi 5.4% for each. Acute cystitis showed in percentage of 18.9% while chronic cystitis was 13% and fibrosis 21.6%. Congenital deformities represented by cystic hernia 13% and bladder wall intrusion 5.4%. This study concludes the presence of different types of pathological changes in the urinary bladder of slaughtered local bovine calves in Mosul city which indicates presenting different types of causative agents and infections.

A total of 200 samples were collected from the calves for different ages from local and exotic breed by using nasal swabs, to investigate the prevalence of the bovine adenoviruses. The results showed that about 44% of the examined calves gave positive to immunofluorescence test, and the calves aged 6-9 months showed highly significant prevalence compare with other ages. The prevalence of virus infection in the exotic breed was 50.3% compared with local breed 22.2%. The calves with respiratory affections showed a higher prevalence from those which seem to be healthy. The current study concluded that the bovine adenovirus-type 3-virus has an effect on the breeding of calves in Nineveh Governorate.  

The current study aimed to determine some positive prophylactic effects of sweet almond suspension (SAS) on blood glucose and lipid profile of experimentally aloxan induced hyperglycemic male rats. Thirty male adult rats divided randomly into two equal groups, prevention group treated with sweet almond suspension for 60 days at two doses 1.42 or 2.84 g/kg of body weight (PD1 and PD2), and then hyperglycemia was induced by using single dose injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg of body weight). There was significant increase in means values of glucose and the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL-C), and low rate concentration of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) after five days of injection compared with pretreatment values and after 60 days of treatment with SAS values. In conclusion there was protective effect of sweet almond suspension on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in two experimentally groups, especially 2.84mg/Kg BW.