Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

The study was conducted to investigate bovine tuberculosis in three dairy cows stations using comparative tuberculin test
(bovine and avian) and bacterial isolation. Sixty five, 3950 and 1185 cows in the first, second and third station, respectively,
were Subjected for comparative tuberculin. All animals in the first station showed negative results for the tuberculin test,
whereas the percentage of positive tuberculin cows in the second and third stations were 0.4% and 16.64%, respectively.
Accordingly, cows with positive tuberculin from the second and third stations were discarded and samples were collected from
these animal pre and post slaughtering for bacterial isolation. Nine months after the first investigation the rest of cows (59,
3934 and 968) in the three stations were subjected for tuberculin test and bacterial isolation as previously, all cows in the first
station remained negative for tuberculin test. On the other hand, tuberculin positive cows decreased to 0.31% and 8.26% in the
second and third stations, respectively. Cultural examination of the 184 samples collected from positive tuberculin cows
revealed that, a total of 113 (61.41%) mycobacterial strains were isolated from 92.30% of the lungs (24 of 26), 84.60% of the
lymph nodes (22 of 26), 84.00% of the livers (21 of 25), 55.00% of the spleens (11 of 20), 54.05% of the milk samples (20 0f
37) and 30.00% of the nasal swabs (15 of 50). Biochemically, of the 113 strains, 103 were identified as M. bovis , 2 as Runyon III mycobacterium, 4 as Runyon IV mycobacterium and 4 as Runyon IV saprophytic mycobacterium. Results of this work
confirmed the importance of applying the program of test and elimination of infected animals for the control of bovine
tuberculosis.

This study was conducted aiming at knowing the pathological changes that are concomitant with natural infection of
hydatidosis in sheep, goat and cattle, in addition to estimate, if infection has relations with oxidative stress via estimation of the
total antioxidants and oxidants in hydatid fluid. Results of the present study elucidate the presence of chronic histopathological
lesions represented by hemorrhage and vascular changes, hepatic programmed cell death, portal fibrosis, infiltration of
inflammatory cells around hydatid cysts in addition to necrosis, collection of hydatid fluid from 25 samples (each one) for
estimation of total Antioxidants and total oxidants in hydatid fluid. Results showed total antioxidants level in fertile cysts
higher than in sterile cysts, and there was no significant variation in total oxidants of fertile and sterile cysts.

This experiment was aimed to study the effect of adding vinegar to drinking water on the productive and physiological
performance of broiler. A total of ninety (one day old), non sexed chicks of Ross strain were randomly allocated to three
treatments and each treatment consists of 30 birds with 3 replicates (10 birds each). The treatments were: Treatment 1 (T1):
Control, reared on standard ration and tap water. Treatment 2 (T2): reared on standard ration and tap water supplement with
vinegar (2.5 ml/Liter). Treatment 3 (T3): reared on standard ration and tap water supplement with vinegar (5.0 ml/Liter). The
results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in live body weight, accumulative body weight gain and feed conversion ratio,
and significant decrease in mortality percentage of treatment T3 (Drinking water with 5.0 ml/L vinegar) compared with
treatment T2 (Drinking water with 2.5 ml/L vinegar) and Treatment T1 (Control). Also, no -significant effect were observed
among treatment in PCV, WBC, RBC, Hb, H/L and glucose, Total Protein, albumin and Cholesterol concentration of plasma.
In conclusion, supplementation of vinegar (5.0 ml/Liter drinking water) in current Study lead to, significant improvement in
chickens productive performance and health.

In this study 276 samples of sheep kidneys were collected from Mosul slaughter house after slaughtering and gross and
histological examinations were made pathological lesions were demonstrated at 46 examined samples, the histological lesions
were represented by appearance of hemorrhage in interstitial tissue of kidney at ratio 5%, recent thrombus at ratio 2%
haemosidrine pigment in renal tissue at ratio 3%, while cell swelling and necrosis of epithelial cell at ratio 18%, 20% while
hyaline cast deposition at ratio 7%, hyperatrophy of blood vessels of kidney at ratio 4%, hyperceullarity of glomerular tufft at
ratio 6% while glomerular atrophy at interstitial nephritis and glomerulitis at ratio 12%, 8% and 7% while glomerular sclerosis
at ratio 4%.

Two hundred forty samples were collected randomly and distributed as follows :80 muscle samples 80 kidney samples and 80 liver samples) which were collected from 80 Male Sheep Carcasses (1-2 years age) in lattakia, tartous, jableh and safita regiones samples were examined for detection contamination by Arsenic Element using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed concentration of Arsenic in Male Sheep of kidney, liver, and muscle in lattakia region (0.478, 0.4095 and 0.26) mg/kg respectively, and in jableh region (0.462, 0.3835 and 0.2695) mg/kg respectively, and in Tartous region (0.478, 0.4095 and 0.283) mg/kg respectively, and in safita region (0.4525,0.35 and 0.248) mg/kg respectively. Results confirmed increased in the contamination level by Arsenic in Kidney liver and Muscle in order first in lattakia and tartous more than jableh and safita regions, Muscles and livers and kidneys samples In all regions were within Permissible limit (1mg/kg).

Three non pregnant local Friesian dairy cows were used in this study at cow farm of Technical Agricultural College, cows
were at same live weights, third production season and during first month of calving, they were divided into three groups.
Second and third group were reared on standard ration supplemented with 100 or 200 g. of sodium bicarbonate /cow /day,
respectively, while the first group reared on standard ration only. Cows were fed individually on basal ration according to
developing of body weight and milk production during three periods (28 days/period). The experiment was a 3x3 Latin square
design. Milk samples were collected and examined to measure some of milk components after measured milk yield. The
results indicated that feed intake, normal and adjusted milk yield, fat%, value of ration /kg for normal milk and milk adjusted
were increased significantly (P≤0.05) in 3rd group as compared to those in the 1st group. It is concluded that using 200 g of
sodium bicarbonate per cow per day had improved milk production and fat percentage of milk and reduced milk cost.

The Current study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes that result from partial or total surgical extirpation of
uropygial gland in males quail, one hundred brown color male quails at age 14 days were used, Randomly and equally divided
into 4 groups (25 birds/ group) as follows, 1st group (control), 2nd group (sham operating make Surgical incision without
removal the gland), 3rd group (partial extirpation of right lobe for the gland at 21 days old), and 4th group (complete extirpation
of the gland at 21 days old). Blood samples were collected from birds after operation at 1st, 3rd, 5th weeks of gland extirpation
(at age 28, 42, 56 days respectively). Results indicated significant increase in live body weight at the 3rd, 5th weeks of complete
gland extirpated and 3rd week of partial gland extirpated birds, also a significant increase in blood constituents at first week of
partial and complete gland extirpation, then the values return to close control group at 3rd, 5th week of extirpation. The data
showed significantly decrease in concentrations of Glucose, Cholesterol, also activities of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in 3rd, 5th week to partial and complete gland extirpated birds. Furthermore, significant
increase in serum total protein, left testis relative weight, serum testosterone concentration and foam gland size index at the 3rd,
5th weeks old of partial and complete gland extirpation, also showed significant improvement in right testis relative weight at
5th week of gland extirpation. The study was concluded that the nature of changes in studied traits due to partial and complete
extirpation uropygial gland made of their amelioration due to paradox their nature of response to stress, complete extirpation
has a positive effect better than partial extirpation of gland.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of adding the Iraqi probiotic and other probiotics on some hematological
and biochemical parameters in Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). Forty eight healthy adult of both sexes Collared dove
randomly assigned into four equal groups (n=12) as A, B, C and D groups. Group A was considered as control group and fed
on a balanced ration, group B, C and D fed a balanced ration with the addition of (2 gm Iraqi probiotic/kg diet), Chunchine.
Geyao® 1.5gm/ litter drinking water and (Smart pharm: Jordan 1 ml/litter drinking water) during the 35 days of experimental
period. Results revealed that some probiotics cause a significant increase in body weight gains, red blood cell counts (RBC),
hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and packed cell volume (PCV). Results also showed that the white blood cells counts (WBC)
were insignificantly changed in all groups. Also the results showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), ALT and AST, and a significant increase in the total levels of serum protein and glucose concentration in
different groups. It can be conducted from this study that the Iraqi and other probiotics treatment affect some hematological
and biochemical parameters.

The study was carried out on (12) livers of adult healthy geese and duck of both sexes. They divided into two groups, the
first group was subjected to gross feature regarding to shape, position, relationship in both birds by using cross dissection,
while the second group used for radiographic study. The main purpose of this study is to convey more precise explanation of
the gall bladder; the present study is conducted to give detailed information of the gall bladder and biliary duct. From the side
of their topographic relation that may give a useful base for the hepatic segmentation. In these birds; the aim is to provide a
correct base for avian anatomy, medicine gall bladder and biliary ducts. Also there are differences have seen in the shape andthe brunches of biliary ducts in both sexes of geese and ducks. Therefore the study shows that the cystecoenteric duct in geese
is curved and short, but in ducks it is striated and long and it is also drainage in the major duodenal opening in both kinds of
birds. In geese the results revealed that the gall bladder has a cylindrical shape and simply and it is attached to the live rand
surrounding organs by connective tissue from seven areas. It is divided into three parts (neck, body and fundus). In ducks, the
gall bladder has a bean shape and it is attached closely the liver and around organs by connective tissue from six areas, and
divided into two parts (body and fundus). We can observe through the analysis of the cross and radiological photos, that the
enternal hepatic ductules are divided into two parts (ventral and dorsal). Some parts of them are gathered to consist the (right
and left hepatic ducts). Also these two ducts are gathered to shape (the common hepatoenteric duct) which is united with
the (pancreatic duct) in geese, in order to drainage to the minor duodenal opening. While in the ducks, it drainages to the
major duodenal opening with the cysticoenteric duct, and also the pancreatic duct drainages to the minor duodenal opening.
Also there are differences in the other part of internal hepatic ductules in both kinds of birds and sexes. However the
ductules are drainage directly in gall bladder in the females of geese, which are about (5-6) ductules, in the right lobe while
in the left lobe is only one ductules. In the males of geese, the number of ductules is about (4-5) to the right lobe but in the
left lobe is about (1-2). All these ductules in males of geese are drainage in main duct then they drainage in the gall bladder.
The number of ductules is about (6-7) in the right lobe in the female sex of ducks. While in the male I about to (7-8). In the
left lobe it is only one duct in both sexes. Therefore the ductules of both lobes are drainage in the main duct then to the gall
bladder in both sexes. After all, the study proves that the bile material is movily from the liver to the intestine by two ducts
while this case is not exist in mammalian.

The aim of this study was to determined the toxic effects and biochemical changes induced by amitraz in the chicks (7-14
days). The median lethal dose (LD50) of amitraz was (53.05 mg / kg, orally. Yohimbin injection at (0.5, 1 mg / kg,
intraperitoneally) 10 minutes befor the oral administration of amitraz increased the LD50 of amitraz to (64.27 and 74.44 mg /
kg, orally), respectively. The signs of amitraz toxicosis are closing eyelid, ruffled feather, dropping of the wings, watery feces,
salivation, recumbency on the sternum and death were reduced in intensity by yohimbin injections. Tow hours after the oral
dosing amitraz at (20 and 40 mg / kg orally) significantly increased plasma glucose concentration in the chicks (280.40±7.62
and 293.68 ± 9.23mg / dl) in comparison with the control value (226±6.75 mg / dl) and significantly increased plasma cortisol
level (10.85 ± 4.98 and 12.27 ± 1.63 ng/ml) in comparison with the control value (9.12 ± 2.2 ng/ml). Amitraz at (40 mg/ kg,
orally) significantly increased plasma ALT, AST, ALP and CPK activities when compared with control values. The results
suggest that amitraz is highly toxic in chicks in comparison with other laboratory animals and mammals which adversely
affects the liver, heart and the bone and caused stressful condition in the birds.

The aim of this study discovers the analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects of diphenhydramine in mice that result from
formaldehyde injected 1% concentration s/c in right planter of adult mice after 15 minutes of diphenhydramine injection I/M in
comparison with control group which it injected with normal saline. Intramuscular injection of diphenhydramine in mice at 1,
2 mg/kg respectively caused analgesia and anti- inflammatory effect that result from pain induced by formaldehyde through
significant decrease in licking numbers of formaldehyde injected foot, significantly increase its onset of licking, significant
decrease the time elapsed of licking and significant decrease in depth of planter injected foot in comparison with control group.
The data of this study suggested that diphenhydramine has anti- inflammatory effect and of analgesic effect in doses 1, 2 mg/
kg I/M in adult mice.

The aim of the present study was to detect preliminarily the capacity and capability of a modified electrometric method for
use in the measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the blood of adult stray dogs. These values could be used for
comparison with the values of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in dogs exposed to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
The highest activity of ChE (the change in pH / 30 minutes) in the blood plasma was 0.81, erythrocytes 0.73 and least in the
whole blood (0.67).There was no significant difference between EDTA and heparin when used as anticoagulants in blood
samples. To illustrate the accuracy of the way the coefficients of variation in blood plasma, erythrocytes and the whole blood
were 5.5%, 5.4% and 5%, respectively. This was done using 0.1 ml iodide acetylcholine iodide (7.5%). Quinidine sulfate
specifically inhibited pseudo ChE in the plasma, erythrocytes and whole blood, and it was estimated to be (4%, 28%, 6%),
whereas true ChE activity was (96%, 72%, 94%). Monocrotophos at a concentration (0.5, 1 μM) and carbaryl at (5, 10 μM)
significantly inhibited plasma, erythrocyte and whole blood ChE in vitro. These results suggest that the used modified
electrometric method is simple, precise, efficient and have the validity of measuring blood ChE activities in dogs.

The effects of Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) on repaired the histopthological changes on liver of Cyprinus carpio exposed to
nano zinc oxide (N-ZnO) was determined in this study.Fish weight 150±10 g divided in to four groups.Fish in first group kept
in dechlorinated water while the fish in second group exposed to copper sulfate CuSO4 for 1 hour and in third group the fish
was exposed to sub lethal concentration of N-ZnO (30ppm) for 7 days while the fish in fourth group exposed to sub lethal
concentration of N-ZnO (30ppm) with CuSO4 (0.3mgL) for 1hour and then exposed continuously to N-ZnO for 7days. The
microscopic examination for the liver done through 24 hour and 7 days from the experiment, which revealed vacuolar
degeneration in hepatic cells in fish exposed to N-ZnO for 24 hour also there were dilatation of sinusoid and infiltration of
inflammatory cells in liver tissue of fish exposed to to N-ZnO with CuSO4 for 1 hour, there were slight hemorrhage in hepatic
tissue and enlargement of hepatic cell in both groups exposed to N-ZnO and CuSO4 for 1 and 24 hour, while the
microscopically examination of liver in fish exposed to N-ZnO for 7 days revealed sever pathological lesions characterized by
hyperatrophy and necrosis in pancreatic tissue. This study concluded that N-ZnO can cause oxidative stress and usage of
CuSO4 at 0.3 mg/L can decrease the toxic effects of N-ZnO liver tissue

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fishmeal with Spirulina spp. in four different levels 0%, 5%,
10%, 15% and 20%, as T1, T2, T3, T4and T5 respectively on Carcass means weight (CMW) with head and without peripheral
organs and CMW without head and peripheral organs, where the third and fifth treatment give the higher value in CMW with
head and without peripheral organs, and the fifth treatment obtain significant differences in CMW without head and peripheral
organs as compared to other treatment. When regarding the chemical composition in which the higher significant difference
found in the T3 and T5 in crude protein, the T5 significantly differ in crude fat as compared with other treatments.

This study was conducted to estimate the bony tissue response to β-calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CSH) as a bone
substitute via radiographic assessment using ImageJ software. The extraction sockets in dog mandible were the regions of
interest (ROI). Twenty adult (12-24 months), local breed dogs were included in the experiment. All had a complete set of
permanent dentition. They were randomly allocated into four groups, each containing 5 animals. Bilateral lower third
premolars have been extracted. The right socket was filled with β-calcium sulphate hemihydrate, whereas no material was
placed to fill that in the left side to serve as a control. Tissue response in extraction sockets was evaluated using two postoperative
intra-oral periapical radiographs for each tooth socket, the first immediately after extraction and the second at the end
of each study interval (i.e., after 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks period for group I, II, III, and IV, respectively). The
radiographs were converted from conventional to digital by X-ray scanner, then examined by ImageJ software. Radiographic
assessment included the evaluation of differences in extraction sockets densities, bone resorption %, bone formation %, and
density of the newly formed bone. The results showed significant differences between the left (control) and right
(experimental) sides in all study periods in relation to differences in extraction sockets densities. Meantime, significant
differences were noticed between right and left sides during a 12 week period in relation to bone resorption and bone
formation %. Concerning density of the newly formed bone, significant differences were noticed during 8 week and 12 week
period.In conclusion, the use of β-calcium sulphate hemihydrate as a bone substitute significantly reduced bone resorption and
increased the rate of new bone formation. In addition, the density of the newly formed bone in the right (experimental) side
was greater than that noticed in the left (control) side.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of antioxidant supplementation to diet in order to improve the productive
performance, fertility, hatchability, and some physiological traits of broiler breeders hens reared under hot climate. One
hundred hens (Cobb 500), thirty five weeks old, and twenty cocks were used in this study. They were divided into four groups
(25 hens and 5 males /group with five replicates) (5 hens and one cock each). The groups were treated for 12 weeks as follows:
T1 Control reared on standard ration, T2 reared on standard ration supplemented with sodium selenite 0.5 mg / kg ration, T3
reared on standard ration supplemented with vitamin E 450 mg / kg ration and T4 reared on standard ration supplemented with
sodium selenite 0.5 mg / kg and vitamin E 450 mg / kg ration. Birds reared under standard condition in semi opened house the
temperature was maximum 36C in the morning and 25C at night. Statistical analysis of data showed that the Vitamin E and
selenium treatments caused a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in means of egg production H.D.%, accumulative egg
production, feed conversion ratio, fertility percentage, hatchability percentage, number of chicks produced / hen, mortality
percentage and shell thickness as compared with the control group. Also a significant improvement in the physiological and
biochemical parameters as represented by the increase in total RBC count, Ηb concentration, PCV and the decrease serum
glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST level in serum as well as the increase in liver and heart glycogen concentration. In
conclusion, sodium selenite and vitamin E supplementation to the broiler breeder ration improved some productive and
physiological parameters.

While screening of selected herds of cattle (each having minimum 15 animals), 28 animals were found positive for tropical
theileriosis (Theileria annulata) from a total of 260. The overall bi-monthly incidence rate was 10.8% from April-July, 2011 in
Faisalabad. 89.3% and 10.71% in females and males respectively. To check breed wise prevalence, 4 out of all 28 positive
animals were of Red Sindhi and Dhanni showing 14.2% prevalence, and rests of all were crossbred with 85.71% prevalence.
The bi-monthly incidence during April-May was 28.57% while in June-July this was 71.42%. The suspected cattle were
subjected to analysis by making thin blood and lymph smears. After confirmation, 28 animals were divided into two equal
groups. The animals of group A were treated with extracts of Peganum harmala harmala at the dose rate of 7 mg/kg b.w
intramuscularly while those of group B were treated with buparvaqoune at-the dose rate of 2.5mg/kg b.w intramuscularly
(According to manufactured Comp.). Twelve animals were recovered after treatment with P. harmala (85.71%) and 2 could
not be cured and died (14.28%) while in case of animals treated with buparvaquone, 13 cattle recovered (92.85%) and one
animal died (7.14%). The obtained data were then subjected to Chi-Square Test for analysis of variance.

The main histological and histochemical changes in the rat's liver tissue induced by intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU were investigated in this study. Twelve adult female rats were divided into two groups of 6 rats each, group I was given 2 ml/kg body weight of normal saline for 7 consecutive days and served as the control group, while group II was given 20 mg/kg of 5- fluorouracil intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. Specimens of the liver tissue from the two groups were taken and prepared for light microscopic examination. Results showed the appearance of some histological changes in the5-FU recipient group (group II) compared to the control group (group I) including congestion of central vein, dilatation and congestion of the hepatic sinusoids, vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes, loss of normal histological architecture of the liver, in addition to sever fatty changes and apoptosis of the hepatocytes. Histochemical examination of the liver of the treated group revealed a marked decrease in the carbohydrates including glycogen manifested as weak positive reaction to PAS and Best's carmine stains compared to the control group in addition to marked increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase manifested as a strong reaction to Gomori's alkaline phosphatase stain as compared to the control group. We conclude that 5-fluorouracil has toxic effects on the liver tissue causing vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes, sever fatty changes and apoptosis.

The report of the occurrence of accessory spleen in domestic animals is rare in the literatures. We report a case of an
accessory spleen in Baladi goat. Accessory spleen was present near the cranial groove of the rumen on the ventral ruminal sac.
It was supplied by accessory splenic artery which originated from the splenic artery after giving off the epiploic branch.

On necropsy of a two years old clinically healthy cow admitted to Mosul abattoir at postmortem inspection slaughtering establishment a metalic foreign body (as a piece of wire) was identified in the region of the liver. Gross examination revealed multiple abscess involving the liver, as well a large area of necrosis around foreign body penetration. Microscopically
Suppurative inflammation in addition to foreign body granulomatous reaction.