Effect of antibiotic substitution with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and probiotic on hematic parameters and growth performance of broilers

Abstract


Introduction
While most of the commercial strains of broilers are characterized by a rapid rate of both growth and conversion, the expression of these bioactivities can be reach to the peak of their expression by the availability and the high efficiency of such an essential factor related to the intestinal tract of these broilers which translated by the high rate and high efficiency of both the digestion and the absorption (1,2) Antibiotics have been used to promote both the growth and control of the diseases in these broilers, however random and irrational usage of these antibiotic might cause a bacterial resistance, the dietary supplements are one of the important sources which, when added to the diet lead to an improvement-in the physical condition (3) and increasing body weight (4,5). S. cerevisiae are examples of these supplements (6)(7)(8). On the other side, Studies showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be used as a substitute for improving the physical condition of the broilers as well as their immunity, specifically by improving the rate of digestion and the length of the villi (9)(10)(11). Both of these dietary supplements work directly on the Intestinal microflora by enhancing symbiosis through improving the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract. Probiotics are another example of dietary supplements added to broilers food to enhance their nutritional value and maintain their gut health by increasing beneficial bacteria (12,13). These probiotics are also known for their role in boosting the immune system (14,15). Currently, the consumption of probiotics via food products are in high demand (16,17). the beneficial benefits of living probiotic cells in the gastrointestinal tract have been investigated (18)(19)(20), where the researchers have been focusing on the immediate consequences problems of the gastrointestinal tract (21).
Thus, the current work was designed to study the effects of dietary supplements with S. cerevisiae and probiotics, a correlation between the lymphatic organs and the digestive system within the groups, and their effects on growth performance and hematobiochemical test of broilers chicken in Mosul City.

Ethical approve
At the University of Mosul, faculty of medicine, and based on the conical of ethics of animal extermination, the current work was accepted according to UM.VET.2022.021.

Experimental design
The experiment was conducted in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, A total of 60 birds one day old age and mixed gender were used in the current work. They were gained from a private hatchery, and the main material was saccharomyces cerevisiae and probiotics. The birds were randomly divided into four groups. T1 as a control, T2 supplemented with 3 g/kg of saccharomyces cerevisiae, T3 supplemented with probiotic 200g/1000L of drinking water according to the manufacturer's instructions and T4 supplemented with mixing of S. cerevisiae and probiotic. Throughout the experiment, food and water were provided ad libitum, and the Cobb Broiler management Guides recommendations for the environmental temperature program were followed.

Body weight
All broilers were wing-banded, and their body weights were determined-Randomly. broilers were assigned to remediation using individual broilers body weights after removing the lightest and heaviest ones, and chick's weights were taken at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 on the last day of the experiment.

Somatic index
Furthermore, the immunity organs (Thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and intestine organs for each group were removed and weights during the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th killing.

Collection of blood sample
Blood samples were collected at the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th weeks of the experiment from the heart and wing veins according to the age of the birds. A total of 15 blood samples were collected from the treatment and control group into a clean and sterilized tube containing EDTA for measurement of blood hematology, including packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (22).

Statistical analysis
In order to determine the influences of S. cerevisiae and probiotics on hematobiochemical and growth performances of broilers in Mosul city, all results were statistically analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and T test at P<0.05 (23,24).

Effects of S. cerevisiae, probiotic and their mixing on body weights
As shown in table 1, the effects of S. cerevisiae on BW during 7 and 14 and 21 and 28 and 35 days showed height significant variation at P<0.05 as well the T4 supplemented with a mixing (S. cerevisiae and probiotic) showed significant differences in contrast to the probiotic and control group. 1040.00±1.58 b *Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments.

Effects of S. cerevisiae, probiotic and mixing on intestinal weights during the experimental periods
The effects of S. cerevisiae on intestine weights are presented in table 2, and the treated groups during the 2 nd , 3 rd , and 5 th weeks showed highly significant variation when compared with the control group. As shown in table 3 the effects of probiotics on -intestinal weights represented significant height variation at 7 days during the experimental period-when compared with the control group. As represented in table 4 the effects of mixing S. cerevisiae and probiotics on the intestinal weight showed significant variation at 21 days in contrast to 35 days, while the 28 days represented a significant difference when compared with another group.   0.365 0.434 0.000 0.022 0.146 * Indicates that there are significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. ** Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments.

Effects S. cerevisiae on immunity organs
The results in a table 5 showed significant height variation in the weight of immunity organs during 7, 14 and 35 days in contrast to weights of these organs at 21 and 28 that showed no significant differences in the bursa of Fabricius weights in contrast to the control group. The effects of S. cerevisiae on thymus weights showed height significance on thymus weights during 7, 14, 21 and 35 days in contrast to weights of these organs at 28 days that showed no significant differences in thymus weights when compared with the control group (Table 6). 0.001 ** 0.001 ** 0.097 NS 0.080 NS 0.033 * * Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments. 0.016 0.00 0.000 0.371 0.038 * Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments. Table 7 shows the effects of probiotics on immunity organs, Bursa, weights do not represent significant differences during 21, 28 and 35 days, while it showed the highest differences at 7 and 14 days, as well the thymus gland showed height significant variation at 7 days and 14 days, while weights during 21, 28 and 35 did not differ significantly between the group (Table 8). 0.000 0.000 0.728 0.065 0.065 **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments. 0.000 0.000 0.099 0.629 0.067 * Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments.

Effects S. cerevisiae and probiotic on immunity organs
The effects of mixing S. cerevisiae and probiotics on chicken immunity organs are represented in table 9. It showed significant differences in Bursa weight during 7 and 14 days and a significant difference in weights of gland during 35 days and did not are present significant differences between the group at 21 and 28 days. Table 10 showed no significant changes in thymus weights during 14 and 28 days, while it was highly significant during zero, 7, 21 and 35 days. 0.000 0.000 0.130 0.116 0.015 * Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments. 0.000 0.000 0.130 0.116 0.015 * Indicates significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.05. **Indicates that there are highly significant differences between the two treatments at P<0.01. NS indicates that there are no significant differences between the two treatments. Figure 1 and 2, showed the effects of S. cerevisiae, probiotic and mixing of them on hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume during the experimental period. It was highly significant differences with T4. Furthermore, T2 and T3 showed significant variation in hematological parameters compared with T1 (control). Table 11 represents the correlation ship of mixing supplemented of S. cerevisiae and probiotic on immunity organs and intestine weights, there was a highly significant difference in intestinal weights with (bursa and thymus gland weights) as well bursa of Fabricius showed highly significant variation with thymus gland weights

Discussion
S. cerevisiae has multiple beneficial effects on humankinds' health and animals. According to the critical structures of these materials, it has been used in broiler and livestock as a supplemented feed and as alternative material (25). Administration of S. cerevisiae and probiotics increased body weights of the chickens during the experimental period and these related to the effects of these yeast on intestinal microflora through promoting proliferation and growth of these microflora enhances the activity of the immune system (26). Additionally, the increased energy metabolism (27), and the highly significant variation in body weights in fourth group indicated that the combination of S. cerevisiae and probiotics improvement of growth of body weights better (28)(29)(30). Furthermore, supplemented of broiler feed with S. cerevisiae showed apparent effects on the internal organ's weights, an appropriate target for assessing immunological competency in poultry is lymphoid organs (31). In chicken, bursa of Fabricius is thought to be the main lymphoid organ and is a crucial organ in the differentiation of B lymphocyte (32). Our results showed an increase in the bursa weights at 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th weeks and these contributed to the activity of yeast in increasing metabolic activity and enlargement of the lymphoid organs, an increase in bursa weight in S. cerevisiae feed chicken was related to IgA production as a boosted immunity and these result agreement with Daneshmand et al. (33), and disagreement with Lin et al. (34) who mention that feeding of broiler with S. cerevisiae had no effects on the bursa weight.
Our results showed that supplemented broilers diets with T4 (mixing of S. cerevisiae and probiotic) had significant effects on Hb and PCV when compared with other groups and these results agree with Mulatu et al. (35) in addition to Özsoy and Yalçin (36) mentioned that supplemented chickens diets with S. cerevisiae showed height concentration of Hb, PCV, and WBCS and disagreement with Seyidoglu et al. (37), who mentioned that provided chicken diet with probiotics had no significant effects on blood parameters, and these attributed to species of bacteria that presented in S. cerevisiae and probiotic in stimulated the immunity system (38) and resist disease (39)(40)(41)(42)(43).

Conclusion
Using S. cerevisiae and probiotics as a safety material to the regular antibiotic used in the chicken industry, we were able to prevent infection through the action of T4 that showed the best influences on growth performance, improved immunity organs activity, and hematological parameters of broiler profile.