Measures of parasitism of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting goats Capra aegagrus in Basrah province, Iraq, with remarks on ecology

Abstract


Introduction
Ticks are ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and reptiles (1). Eight hundred forty tick species have been described worldwide (2). The ticks are classified into two prominent families, namely the hard ticks Ixodidae, due to the dorsal shield, and the soft ticks Argasidae, by their flexible leathery cuticle (3). The family Ixodidae comprises nearly 80% of all tick species; It includes species of medical and veterinary importance (4). All adults and immature stages take a blood meal only once or for extended periods (5). Most ticks require three or two hosts to complete the life cycle, but some need one host, sucking blood from domestic and wild animals such as cattle, goats, and dogs (6). Ticks are of veterinary importance because they are vectors of many pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa, and nematodes (7). The pathogens typically transmit to hosts while the ticks feed or defecate, including anemia, hemorrhage, dermatitis, and skin necrosis (6). Some critical diseases transmitted by ticks to economic animals are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Bovine anaplasmosis, Lyme borreliosis, theileriosis, Tick borne fever, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tick paralysis (2). Ticks pests cause economic effects by limiting production in the livestock industry, such as cows, sheep and guts (8). Many vectorborne diseases are distributed cross borders, disrupting the traditional geographic distribution, leading to the recognition of many tick-borne diseases as significant disease threats (9). Goats are one of the crucial economic livestock in Iraq. Many species of ticks parasitize goats, causing some systemic diseases worldwide (2). Ticks feed on specific sites of the host's body, especially the face, ears, neck, armpits, udder, groin, limbs, and anus (4). External signs associated with tick parasitism on goats include pustules, papules and alopecia, which can lead to bacteria entering the skin, leading to abscesses, and subsequently bacteremia and septicemia (6).
This study was conducted to diagnose ixodid tick's species that infested goats in Basrah province, located in the South of Iraq, and to determine ticks' prevalence, some ecological aspects, and seasonal occurrence.

Ethical approve
The approval was given to carry out this scientific research by the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah in the book No. 3/7/261 on 14/9/2021.

Study area
This study has carried out in Basrah Province, South of Iraq. This area is confined nearly within 45˚-48˚ longitude and 30˚-32˚ latitude. In the north of this region are the Tigris and Euphrates flows. Shatt al-Arab River and some of seasonal ponds and marshes are in the middle. Basrah province is surrounded by Arabian Desert (East), Arabian Gulf (South), and Karon Plain (West). The lands of this state are agricultural plains, residential lands, semi-desert lands and deserts. The survey was done in nine locations distributed all over Basrah Province, as follows: Qurnah, Mudainah, Haritha, Dair, Shat Al-Arab, Basrah City, Zubair, Abu Al-Khaseeb, and Fao. Many farmlands, animal husbandry stations, and slaughterhouses were visited.

Ticks' collection and identification
A total of 240 goats of different breeds, gender and ages were examined for ticks' infestation. The goats were found in many locations in Basrah province, 40 each month, from January to June 2021. This period was chosen because it is almost similar to the second half of the year in terms of climatic conditions in Iraq. Samples of hard ticks were collected from the face, ears, neck, armpits, udder, groin, limbs, and anus of individual goats, using fine forceps, cotton, and ethanol. The samples were kept in insect box and recorded at the date and place of collection. Samples of hard ticks were identified to the species level based on morphological characteristics, using the following (2,7,10,11). The diagnosis was performed by several phenotypic features, size, coloration, capitulum, scutum, legs, spiracles, anal plates and festoons. The results of the classification results were sent to Iraqi Museum for Natural History at Baghdad University for more confirmation.

Parasitism measures for hard ticks
Parasitism measures for hard ticks were calculated (12) according to the following; Prevalence = number of individuals of a goats infested with a particular ixodid ticks' species ÷ total number of examined goats × 100. Abundance = number of individuals of each tick species in a sample of goats ÷ total number of all tick's species collected × 100. Mean intensity of tick = total number of individuals of a specific tick species in a sample of goats ÷ number of infested individuals of the goats in the sample. Relative density of tick = total number of individuals of a specific tick species in a sample of goats ÷ total number of individuals of the goats (infested + noninfected) in the sample. Patterns (Concurrent) of tick infestations: Number of tick species infested in each goat.
Some field observations of the ecology of ticks infested goats were also recorded. The sites of infestation in goats' bodies were determined. The age composition of ticks' population was recorded. The monthly occurrence of the tick's infestation during the study period were recorded, and temperature means and relative humidity rates for the months in the study period were calculated in the field. Then, the relationships between the presence of infestations were showed, and the variations in the climatic factors temperature and relative humidity observed.

Statistical analysis
The data of study's data were analyzed with a t-test and chi-square analysis using the computerized Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). P<0.05 was considered least limit of significance (13).

Results
The survey recorded that 105 of 240 examined goats were infested with hard ticks in Basrah province from January to June 2021. The total prevalence of tick infestations was 43.75%. Table 1 showed that six species of ixodid ticks were isolated from goats: Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma scupense, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Rhipicephalus turanicus. The species H. scupense was recorded in the South of Iraq for the first time. Goats were recorded as a new host of H. dromedarii in Iraq. The species of the genus Hyalomma have mostly infested goats in Basrah province with 61.71%, while Rhipicephalus was 38.29%. Table 1 also showed that the most prevalent species of ticks was H. anatolicum with 29.73%, followed by R. turanicus with 26.58%, but without significant differences, whereas H. dromedarii was the lowest with 3.60%. The results also explained that the species R. turanicus recorded the highest number of individual of ticks with 28.15%, followed by H. a. anatolicum with 26.66%, while H. dromedarii was the lowest with 4.64%. The statistical analysis of the data recorded some significant differences between the abundances of hard ticks' species and individual numbers. The data in Table 1 also showed also some variations in mean intensity of ixodid ticks' species infested goats. The highest mean intensity was recorded by R. turanicus with 1.62, whereas H. dromedarii was the lowest with 0.27. The statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the mean intensities of the hard ticks' infestations. There are some variations in the relative densities of the ixodid tick's species. For instance, R. turanicus recorded the highest relative density with 0.71, while H. dromedarii was the lowest with 0.12. There are statistically significant differences between the relative densities of the hard ticks' infestations in goats during the study periods. The patterns (concurrent) of infestations of ixodid tick's species were varied between single to four. The double infestations were the highest with 49.09%, whereas the quadruple infestations were the lowest with 3.63% (Figure 1). The statistical analysis showed significant differences among the infestation.  Some ecological observations of hard ticks parasitizing goats were studied. The data in table 2 showed the distribution of ticks according to gender. The number of collected females was higher than that of males, with 56.13% to 43.87%, and the sex ratio was 0.78. Table 2 also showed that the total number of ticks collected was mostly engorged females with 30.46%, followed by fed males with 25.17%, but without a significant difference. The larvae were the lowest collected number with 5.13%. The statistical analysis of the data was recorded some significant differences among the number of life cycle stages. The observations during the ticks' collections recorded the sites of attacks of the tick on the infested goats' bodies. The highest number of ticks was isolated from the face, ear, udder, tail, testes, thighs, and axilla. The species H. anatolicum is found in all body parts except the neck, and R. turanicus from five sites. At the same time, H. dromedarii isolated from ear and legs only (Table  3). The seasonal occurrence of hard ticks' infestation in goats in the present study showed some variations in the monthly appearance from January to June 2021. The relationship between the infestation rates of hard ticks and the climatic factors as temperature and humidity (Figure 2). It was concluded that there was a correlation between temperature and relative humidity with the number of goats' infestations. The distribution of ticks according to months showed that it was highest in May with an infestation rate of 22.86%, followed by April 20.95%, but without significant differences. The lowest rate of infestations was recorded in January with 8.57%, and February at 10.48%. The statistical analyses of the data observed some significant differences between the infestation rates in the months. The tick infestation rates in April, May, June and March significantly outperformed January and February. According to figure 3 the percentage of collected specimens of H. anatolicum was highly distributed in January, April, and March with 43.45%, 31.25%, and 29.27%, respectively. R. turanicus was highly distributed in May and June, with 29.82 and 34.55%, respectively. H. excavatum recorded the highest occurrence of ticks in February with 33.33%. In contrast, the collected number of H. dromedarii was the lowest in all months of the study periods. Statistical analysis of the data showed many significant differences between the collection rates for each species according to the months of the year, and between different species.

Discussion
There is limited taxonomic, ecological and epidemiological information on ticks in Basrah in southern Iraq, although this area has a favorable climate for ticks and host diversity. Some studies about ticks parasitizing goats by Awad and Abdul-Hussein (14) The diversity of ixodid ticks' species varied between the results of this study and the others might be due to the difference in the geographical areas, and environmental factors. The variations in tick diversity are due to climate change, geographic location and hosts (27). Ecological and climate changes impact tick's biodiversity; the changes altering tick population dynamics (28). Some biological conditions influence ticks' occurrence, such as the morphology of the host, host immune responses, interspecific interactions, and length of the feeding phase (5).
Depending on the body parts, there were some differences in density, attachment site and proportion of tick life stages. Factors that affect ticks feeding include tick density, host defenses, and the ages of the host and tick (29). The stages of ticks select different body sites for attachment; the attachment site selection reflects the life stages varying in the ability to move (30). Attachment, engorgement, and subsequent development of successive infestations of tick's larvae and nymphs occur on natural hosts (31). The population of ticks differs in a given region depending on climatic fluctuations, land structure and vegetation (32). The larvae of ticks are often found on the legs and ears, and the larvae feed on the ears and some legs, while the adults reside in a larger area in the body from the head to the udder (33). Ticks may compete for parasitizing sites on the host, resulting in reduced feeding success at higher densities (34). Feeding success decreased at higher larval densities on standard experimental mice, while no change in feeding success was seen at higher densities when feeding on a natural host (35). Larval feeding success, and thus development to the nymph stage, depends on the host differences in age, density, and life history (36).
The results showed statistically different numbers of tick collection among the months from January to June, for the seasonal occurrence of hard ticks. The abundance of ticks was affected by climatic factors, temperature, and humidity. In the summer months of the temperate zones, long periods of high temperature may promote a rise of the mortality rates of molting stages, but long winters may result big mortalities in the tick's population (37). In the effect of the climate on the tick abundance, two crucial factors are: composition and presence of the hosts (38). Human actions that changed and modified the habitats of the vectors and hosts, may have more profound effects on the epidemiology of tick than climate change (39). The complex ecosystems define the different epidemiological cycles of hard ticks, biotic and abiotic parameters affecting the formation and persistence of tick communities and their associated pathogens (40). Climate is essential in determining which tick species are found in a given geographic region, and their population density (41). Ticks are expected to respond to the changes in the weather variables. It has been predicted that the forecasted trends in weather will increase the range of ticks or their abundance in different ways (40).

Conclusion
The survey showed that goats infected with some species of hard ticks, and therefore can be transmitted to other economic and wild animals. The ixodid tick species differed according to the prevalence rate, average severity, and relative density. The range of ticks varied according to the different months of the year, and the seasonal presence of ticks increased in spring and summer compared to winter and autumn. The distribution of ticks was found at different binding sites on the body of goats.