College of Veterinary Medicine / University of Mosul
  • Register
  • Login
  • العربیة

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Notice

As part of Open Journals’ initiatives, we create website for scholarly open access journals. If you are responsible for this journal and would like to know more about how to use the editorial system, please visit our website at https://ejournalplus.com or
send us an email to info@ejournalplus.com

We will contact you soon

  1. Home
  2. Volume 35, Issue 3
  3. Authors

Current Issue

By Issue

By Subject

Keyword Index

Author Index

Indexing Databases XML

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Editorial Staff

Facts and Figures

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

    El Aid Kaaboub Nassim Ouchene Nadjet A. Ouchene Ali Dahmani Imene Ouchtati Asma Haif Djamel Khelef

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021, Volume 35, Issue 3, Pages 411-415
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126914.1415

  • Show Article
  • Highlights
  • Full Text
  • References
  • Download
  • Cite
  • Statistics
  • Share

Abstract

One-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) are important source of meat, milk and leather production for humans in southern Algeria. Camel livestock farming is confronted with several obstacles, including abortive diseases which can be transmitted mainly by ticks. The study was carried out in Ouargla region, South Algeria, between January and December 2017. The objective of this study was to identify ticks in camels and to study the relationship between camel abortion rate and the presence of different species of ticks. A total of 350 camels (including 171 males and 179 females) was used in this study. Ticks were searched on the entire camel body (head, neck, hump, abdomen, forelegs, back legs, and tail area). Results showed that 215/350 (61.4%) camels were infested by ticks including 137/171 (80.1%) and 78/179 (43.6%) males and females, respectively. A total of 46/179 (25.7%) camel females had aborted and all these were revealed infested by ticks. A total of 298 ticks was collected including the following species Hyalomma dromedarii (90.9%), Hyalomma impeltatum (5.37%) and for the first time in Algeria, Amblyomma variegatum (2.35%) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (1.34%). H. dromedarii was the most frequent (p<0.001). The study showed that the dromedary was highly infested by ticks. The presence of ticks in all aborted female camels certainly indicates their important role in one-humped camel abortions in Algeria. The identification of tick-borne abortive agents in camels is important in order to establish an effective abortion control plan.
Keywords:
    Abortion Camels Ouargla Ticks Vector-borne diseases
Main Subjects:
  • Veterinary Pathology

Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

 

E.A. Kaaboub1,2, N. Ouchene2, N.A. Ouchene-Khelifi2, A. Dahmani2, I. Ouchetati3, A. Haif4, and D. Khelef5

 

1Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Yahia Fares of Medea, New University Pole, Medea, 2Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory LBRA, University SAAD Dahlab Blida 1, Road Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 3Normal High School of Technological Education, University of Skikda, Skikda, 4Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of El Tarf, El Tarf, 5National High Veterinary School of Algiers, 16000, Algiers, Algeria

 

2020-04-10

2020-05-14

 

Corresponding Author: Nassim OUCHENE, Email: ouchenassim@gmail.com

 

Abstract

One-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) are important source of meat, milk and leather production for humans in southern Algeria. Camel livestock farming is confronted with several obstacles, including abortive diseases which can be transmitted mainly by ticks. The study was carried out in Ouargla region, South Algeria, between January and December 2017. The objective of this study was to identify ticks in camels and to study the relationship between camel abortion rate and the presence of different species of ticks. A total of 350 camels (including 171 males and 179 females) was used in this study. Ticks were searched on the entire camel body (head, neck, hump, abdomen, forelegs, back legs, and tail area). Results showed that 215/350 (61.4%) camels were infested by ticks including 137/171 (80.1%) and 78/179 (43.6%) males and females, respectively. A total of 46/179 (25.7%) camel females had aborted and all these were revealed infested by ticks. A total of 298 ticks was collected including the following species Hyalomma dromedarii (90.9%), Hyalomma impeltatum (5.37%) and for the first time in Algeria, Amblyomma variegatum (2.35%) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (1.34%). H. dromedarii was the most frequent (p<0.001). The study showed that the dromedary was highly infested by ticks. The presence of ticks in all aborted female camels certainly indicates their important role in one-humped camel abortions in Algeria. The identification of tick-borne abortive agents in camels is important in order to establish an effective abortion control plan.

 

Keywords: Abortion, Camels, Ouargla, Ticks, vector-borne diseases

 

التحقیق فی النواقل الرئیسیة للأمراض المجهضة فی الإبل ذات السنامالواحدة (Camelus dromedarius)

 

 العید کعبوب١، نسیم أوشان٢، نجاة أمینة أوشان خلیفی٢، علی دحمانی٢، إیمان أوشتاتی٣، أسماء هایف4 و جمال خلاف٥

 

١کلیة علوم الطبیعة والحیاة بجامعة یحیى فارس المدیة، ٢معهد العلوم البیطریة، مخبر ل ب ر أ، جامعة سعد دحلب البلیدة١، طریق الصومعة، البلیدة، ٣المدرسة العلیا العادیة للتعلیم التکنلوجیة بجامعة سکیکدة، ٤کلیة علوم الطبیعة والحیاة، معهد العلوم البیطریة، جامعة الطارف، ٥المدرسة الوطنیة العلیا للبیطرة، الجزائر

 

الخلاصة

تُعدّ الإبل ذات السنام الواحد مصدراً مهماً لإنتاج اللحوم والألبان والجلود للإنسان فی جنوب الجزائر. تواجه تربیة الإبل عقبات عدیدة، لاسیما أمراض الإجهاض التی یمکن نقلها خاصة بالقراد. الهدف من هاته الدراسة هو التعرف على القراد الموجود عند الإبل ودراسة العلاقة بین مستوى الإجهاض وتواجد القراد. أجریت دراستنا فی منطقة ورقلة جنوب الجزائر فی الفترة ما بین ینایر ودیسمبر 2017. العدد الکلی هو 350 جمل (منها171 ذکر و 179 إناث) تم استعمالها فی هاته الدراسة. تم تفتیش القراد على کامل جسم الإبل (الرأس والرقبة والسنام والبطن والأرجل الأمامیة والساقین الخلفیة ومنطقة الذیل). أظهرت النتائج أن 215/350 (61.4٪) من الإبل مصابة بالقراد منها 137/171 (80.1%) و 78/179 (43.6٪) ذکور وإناث على التوالی. وقد عانت 46/179 (25.7٪) من الإبل من الإجهاض وکانت جمیعها بمصابة بالقراد. تم جمع 298 من القراد شملت أنواعها 90.9% Hyalomma dromedarii و Hyalomma impeltatum 5.37٪ وللمرة الأولى فی الجزائر 2.35% Amblyomma variegatum و Rhipicephalus turanicus 1.34%. کان H. dromedariiلأکثر تواجداً. لقد أثبتت الدراسة أن الجمل مصاب کثیرا بالقراد. إن وجود القراد فی جمیع الإبل المجهضة یشیر بالتأکید إلى دورها الهام فی نقل مسببات الأمراض المجهضة فی الإبل ذات السنام الواحد فی الجزائر. لذلک من المهم تحدید عوامل الإجهاض التی تحملها القراد فی الإبل من أجل وضع خطة فعالة لمکافحة الإجهاض.

 

Introduction

 

Ticks are a worldwide major group of arthropod vectors that can transmit different types of pathogens with impact on human and animal health. They may be observed in highly varied habitats, from the driest to the most humid (1). Pathogens transmitted among animals by arthropod vectors, mainly ticks, have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide (2-6). Abortions have been suggested as the main causes of reproductive failure and infertility of camels and its rates ranging from 10% to over 70% in some areas (7,8). In camels, tick-borne pathogens that can cause abortion include Coxiella burnetii (9,10), Theileria (11) and Anaplasma (12-14). The vector of abortive pathogens is a hematophagous arthropod that allows the active or biological transmission of these pathogens between vertebrates. Ticks are the most important vectors of vector-borne abortive diseases in terms of animal health (1,3-6). In Algeria, the total number of camels was estimated at 344 015 with majority of them is in the Sahara Desert (15). Camels represent a definite economic interest in Sahara Desert, and remain main source of animal protein for the Saharan population (16). Parasitic diseases are a major pathological disease of the Algerian camels, in particular tick infestation (17,18). Limited information is available concerning abortion in camels that are associated to ticks in Algeria. Therefore, this study was carried out, in Ouargla region, southern Algeria, to study the relationship between camel abortion rate and the presence of different species of ticks known as vectors of abortive pathogens in camel farms.

 

Materials and methods

 

Study Animals

The study used 350 camels (included 171 males and 179 females) located in Ouargla region, southern Algeria (Longitude 5°19′30″ E, Latitude 31°56′57″ N and altitude 138m) that is characterized by an arid Saharan climate, rainfall of less than 100mm per year and average temperatures exceeding 40°C (15). Over a period between January and December 2017, ticks have been inspected throughout the animal's body, particularly at thin skin areas (ears, testicles, udders, inguinal region). Only one tick sample was collected from each animal. Four camel age categories (in years) were considered in this study: <1, 1-4, 5-8, and >8. The aborted females were identified by seeing the aborted fetus during our visit.

 

Laboratory diagnosis

Ticks were collected and stored in vials containing 70° alcohols, and were identified under a binocular loupe using the key of Walker et al. (19).

 

Statistical analysis

The statistical program used was R i386 3.0.2 for Windows GUI front-end. Chi-square test was applied to compare the tick infestation rate in camels with regard to abortion, sex, age, and season. It was also used to compare between the proportions of different tick species. The threshold value of different tests was P<0.05.

 

Results

 

A total of 215/350 (61.4%) camels was infested by ticks, including 137/171 (80.1%) and 78/179 (43.6%) males and females, respectively. Camel male was almost five times (OR=5.22) more likely to be infested by ticks than female camel (Table 1). A number of 46/179 (25.7%) female camels have aborted and all of them 100% were infested by ticks. However, only 32/133 (24.1%) of non-aborted camels were infested by ticks (Table 1). Ticks were more prevalent in summer and in camels aged 1-4 years (Table 1). A total number of 298 ticks were collected, including 70 Larvae and 228 adults. Also, 240 and 58 ticks were males and females respectively. The identification of tick species revealed Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 (90.9%), Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze and Schlottke, 1930 (5.37%) and for the first time in Algeria, Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius, 1794 (2.35%) and Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantsev, 1936 (1.34%). Camels were more infested by H. dromedarii than other species (Table 2). A number of 46/46 (100%), 10/46 (21.7%) and 3/46 (6.52%) of aborted camels were infested by H. dromedarii, H. impeltatum and A. variegatum ticks respectively (Table 2). H. dromedarii was isolated throughout the year and H. impeltatum was isolated during the spring season only. A. variegatum and Rh. turanicus were isolated in summer.

 

Table 1: Relationship between tick’s infestation and abortion in camels and other factors

 

Variable

N° of animals examined

N° of animals infested by ticks (%)

Odds ratio (OR) (CI; 95%)

P-value

Abortion

 

 

 

 

                Yes

46

46 (100)

145.19 (47.77-441.24)

0.000

                No

133

32 (24.1)

-

 

Sex

 

 

 

 

                Male

171

137 (80.1)

5.22 (3.29- 8.28)

0.001

                Female

179

78 (43.6)

-

 

Age (year)

 

 

 

 

                < 1

113

33 (29.2)

0.12 (0.07-0.2)

 

                1-4

181

170 (93.9)

42.59 (24.11-75.23)

0.001

                5-8

30

7 (23.3)

0.16 (0.07-0.35)

 

                > 8

26

5 (19.2)

0.15 (0.06-0.36)

 

Season

 

 

 

 

                Winter

109

32 (2.4)

0.13 (0.08- 0.21)

 

                Spring

63

35 (55.6)

0.74 (0.42- 1.29)

 

                Summer

98

93 (94.9)

19.82 (9.55-41.12)

0.001

                Autumn

80

55 (68.8)

1.51 (0.89-2.56)

0.01

 

Table 2: Proportion of tick species collected from camels in the Oued Souf region

 

Tick species

N° ticks collected

Proportion (%)

N° infested aborted camels (%)

Hyalomma dromedarii

271

90.9*

46 (100)*

Hyalomma impeltatum

16

5.37

10 (21.7)

Amblyomma variegatum

7

2.35

3 (6.52)

Rhipicephalus turanicus

4

1.34

00

Total

298

100

 

* These values are significantly higher than the other values in the same column at P< 0.05.

 

Discussion

 

Various bacterial and parasitic diseases have been reported to be the major problems affecting camels (20-22). Ticks are one of the most important parasites affecting the health, productivity and performance of camels by transmitting various pathogens, blood loss and irritation (19, 23). In this survey we compared between the abortion rate of female camels and the presence of ticks. Four tick species were identified Hyalomma dromedarii 90.9%, Hyalomma impeltatum 5.37% and for the first time in Algeria, Amblyomma variegatum 2.35% and Rhipicephalus turanicus 1.34%. All aborted camel females have been infested with these ticks except Rh. turanicus. A total number of 215/350 (61.4%) camels were found infested by ticks in our study. This prevalence was in agreement with the findings of Moshaverinia and Moghaddas (24) in Iran and Onyiche et al. (25) in Nigeria. On the other hand, our result is lower than that reported by Kiros et al. (26) in Ethiopia and Lawal et al. (27) in Nigeria. Compared to sex type, camel’s males were found to be significantly more infested by ticks than females which are in concordance with Kiros et al. (26). Ticks were present on camels throughout the year in our study, which is consistent with the findings of Faye et al. (28) and Qamar et al. (29). On the other hand, ticks were more prevalent in summer in our study, which is in concordance with Moshaverinia and Moghaddas (24), Elias et al. (30), Qamar et al. (31) and Fard et al. (32). This is due to the seasonal activity of ticks which is maximal in summer (19) for the tick species found in our study. H. dromedarii, is the most Hyalomma spp. parasitizing camels (33). In our study, camels were detected more infested by H. dromedarii than other species which is in concordance with Al-Deeb et al. (18) in United Arab Emirates, Alanazi et al. (34) in Saudi Arabia, and other parts of the world (21,23,26,27,35). H. dromedarii has an important role in the transmission of pathogens as Theileria (36), Rickettsia (19), C. burnetii (14), Anaplasma (12,13) and viruses (37) of which some may be abortive. In our study, H. dromedarii ticks were observed in all abortive camel females which lead us to suspect their potential role in abortions in camel farms.

H. dromedarii is the most tick observed on camels which may be related to the adaptation of this type of tick to the hot and dry climate of the Sahara, knowing that it can perform several cycles during the year (19,38). The assembling of camels around the water points of the oases facilitates their infestation, as the oases offer a favorable microclimate for ticks, particularly of the genus Hyalomma (18), which have long legs and actively move in search of the camels (19). H. impeltatum shares similar hosts and geographical areas with H. dromedarii (19). It has been revealed as a vector for Theileria annulata, an abortive agent in cattle (39). Theileria infection was reported in camels in United Arab Emirates (40) and in Saudi Arabia (34). Theileria infection was reported in camels suffered from symptoms included abortion (34). In our study, all ticks of H. impeltatum were observed on abortive camels which lead us to suspect their potential role in these abortions. The number of H. impeltatum ticks collected was 16/298 (5.37%) which is in concordance with the finding of Elghali and Hassan (35) and higher than the results of Moshaverinia and Moghaddas (24). This difference in the rate of prevalence can be attributed to different climatic conditions, sample size and particularly differences in the sampling periods (24). In our study, A. variegatum was isolated for the first time in Algeria from camels with a percentage of 2.35% of all collected ticks. This result is consistent with the data provided by Hassan et al. (36), in Egypt, Zeleke and Bekele (41) and Kiros et al. (26), in Ethiopia. A. variegatum ticks are considered one of the most important tick species present in Africa (19,42). It can result in severe economic losses due to milk production reduction and death of livestock (43). It has been implicated as a vector of Ehrlichia ruminantium, heartwater disease (44) and Dermatophilus congolensis, dermatophilosis (45). It also transmits Ehrlichia bovis, causing bovine ehrlichiosis, and the protozoans Theileria mutans and Theileria velifera causing benign bovine theileriosis (19). Rh. turanicus is a typical Rhipicephalus of livestock and Kiros et al. (26). In our study, Rh. turanicus were less prevalent, representing 1.34% of the ticks found, which is similar to the study described in Saudi Arabia by Alanazi et al. (11) and in Iran by Moshaverinia and Moghaddas (24).

 

Conclusion

 

This preliminary survey provides valuable baseline data on the tick species of one humped camels, their distribution and their potential role in abortion of female camels in Ouargla region, southern Algeria. H. dromedari was the most abundant tick and the report of A. variegatum and Rh. turanicus for the first time in Algeria requires particular attention, especially for public health. In the next step, it is necessary to identify the abortive agents vectorized by these ticks in order to establish an effective control plan.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors would like to thank Dr. DHMANI Ali for his precious help in this study as well as the veterinary doctors of Ouargla.

 

Conflict of interest

 

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

1- The study was carried out in Ouargla region, South Algeria, and concerned a total of 350 camels of which 215 (61.4%) were infested by ticks. 

2- A total of 46/179 (25.7%) camel females had aborted and all these were revealed infested by ticks.

3-Several species of ticks were collected from camels and H. dromedari was the most common tick.

4- A. variegatum and Rh. turanicus were reported for the first time in Algeria which requires particular attention, especially for public health.

  • PDF (656 K)
  • XML
(2021). Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(3), 411-415. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126914.1415
El Aid Kaaboub; Nassim Ouchene; Nadjet A. Ouchene; Ali Dahmani; Imene Ouchtati; Asma Haif; Djamel Khelef. "Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)". Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35, 3, 2021, 411-415. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126914.1415
(2021). 'Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)', Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(3), pp. 411-415. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126914.1415
Investigation of the principal vectors of abortive diseases in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021; 35(3): 411-415. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126914.1415
  • RIS
  • EndNote
  • BibTeX
  • APA
  • MLA
  • Harvard
  • Vancouver

  1. Boulanger N, Boyer P, Talagrand-Reboul E, Hansmann Y. Ticks and tick-borne diseases. Med Maladies Infect. 2019;49 :87-97. DOI :10.1016/j.medmal.2019.01.007
  2. Gubler DJ. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(3):442-450. DOI: 10.3201/eid0403.980326
  3. Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitol. 2004;129(1):S3-S14. 10.1017/s0031182004005967
  4. Borel N, Thoma R, Spaeni P, Weilenmann R, Teankum K, Brugnera E, Zimmermann DR, Vaughan L, Pospischil A. Chlamydia-related abortions in Cattle from Graubunden, Switzerland. Vet Pathol. 2006;43:702-708. DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-702
  5. Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases:a one health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:437-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.003
  6. Dugat T, Chastagner A, Lagree AC, Petit E, Durand B, Thierry S, Corbiere F, Verheyden H, Chabanne L, Bailly X, Leblond A, Vourc G, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R, Haddad N. A new multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals different clusters for Anaplasma phagocytophilum circulating in domestic and wild ruminants. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:439. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-439
  7. Tibary A, Fite C, Anouassi A, Sghiri A. Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. Theriogenol. 2006;66(3):633-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.008
  8. Tibary A. Overview of abortion in large animals. New York: CRP press; 2012. 137 p. [available here]
  9. Afzal M, Sakkir M. Survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.Rev Sci Tech OIE. 1994;13:787-92. DOI: 10.20506/rst.13.3.794
  10. Schelling E, Diguimbaye C, Daoud S, Nicolet J, Boerlin P, Tanner M, Zinsstag J. Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Prev Vet Med. 2003;61:279-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004
  11. Alanazi AD, Abdullah S, Helps Ch, Wall R, Puschendorf R, Al Harbi SA, Abdel-Shafy S, Shaapan RM. Tick-borne pathogens in ticks and blood samples collected from camels in Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Zool Res. 2018;14:30-36. DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2018.30.36  
  12. Bastos ADS, Mohammed OB, Bennett NC, Petevinos C, Alagaili AN. Molecular detection of novel Anaplasmataceae closely related to Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet Microbiol. 2015;179:310-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.001
  13. Belkahia H, Ben Said M, Sayahi L, Alberti A, Messadi L. Detection of novel strains genetically related to Anaplasma platys in Tunisian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). J Infect Dev Contr. 2015;9(10):1117-1125. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.6950
  14. Hairgrove T, Schroeder ME, Budkec CM, Rodgers S, Chung C, Ueti MW, Bounpheng MA. Molecular and serological in-herd prevalence of Anaplasma marginale infection in Texas cattle. Prev Vet Med. 2015;119:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.006
  15. Nedjraoui D. Algeria country pasture/forage resource profiles. Rome :FAO;2006. 28 p.
  16. Abrhaley A, Leta S. Medicinal value of camel milk and meat. J Appl Anim Res. 2008, 46:1, 552-558. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1357562
  17. Adamou A. L’élevage camelin en Algérie: quel type pour quel avenir? Sécheresse. 2008;19(4):253-60. DOI: 10.1684/sec.2008.0149
  18. Al-Deeb MA, Muzaffar SB. Prevalence, distribution on host’s body, and chemical control of camel ticks Hyalomma dromedarii in the United Arab Emirates. Vet World. 2020 ;13(1):114-120. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.114-120  
  19. Walker AR, Bouattour A, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pergam RG, Preston PM. Ticks of domestic animal in Africa:a guide to identification of species. UK: Bioscience Reports; 2003. 221 p.
  20. Desta AH.  Major helminth parasites of Camelus dromedarius in afar pastoral area of Ethiopia. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2019;33(1):117-122. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125524.1046
  21. Klaif SF, Saleh ZF, Jawad AA.  Molecular characterization of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 and O153 isolated from tissue camel and human stool samples in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2019;33(1):81-86.  DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125530.1052
  22. Mahmood MA, Essa MA. Antimicrobial activity of peptides extracted from camels' blood neutrophils against some pathogenic bacteria. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2021;35(1):33-37. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126239.1270
  23. Bekele M. In epidemiological study on major camel diseases in the Borana Lowland, Southern Ethiopia. DCG report No. 58, Drylands coordination group. Oslo; 2010. 68-98 p.
  24. Moshaverinia A, Moghaddas E. Prevalence of tick infestation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) brought for slaughter in Mashhad abattoir, Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2015;39(3):452-455. DOI: 10.1007%2Fs12639-013-0367-5
  25. Onyiche TE, Răileanu C, Tauchmann O, Fischer S, Vasić A, Schäfer M, Biu AA, Ogo NI, Thekisoe O, Silaghi C. Prevalence and molecular characterization of ticks and tick-borne pathogens of one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Nigeria. Parasit Vect. 2020;13:428. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04272-2
  26. Kiros S, Awol N, Tsegaye Y, Hadush B. Hard ticks of camels in southern zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. J Parasit Vector Biol. 2014;6(10):151-155. DOI: 10.5897/JPVB2014.0162
  27. Lawal MD, Ameh IG, Ahmed A. Some ectoparasites of Camelus dromedarius in Sokoto, Nigeria. J Entomol. 2007;4:143-148. DOI: 10.3923/je.2007.143.148
  28. Faye B, Saint-Martin G, Bonnet P, Bengoumi M, Dia ML. Guide de l’élevage du dromadaire. Sanofi Santé Nutrition Animale: Libourne ; 1997. 126 p.
  29. Qamar MF, Ayaz MM, Nazir MM. Isolation and identification of ectoparasites in single humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Cholistan area, Pakistan. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2018;32(2):291-297. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.153866
  30. Elias M, Hailu Y, Jilo K. Prevalence, risk factors and species’ diversity of ixodid ticks that parasitize dromedary camel in Yabello District of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. 2020;12(2):52-59. DOI: 10.5897/JPVB2019.0377   
  31. Qamar MF, Ayaz MM, Nazir MM. Isolation and identification of ectoparasites in single humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Cholistan area, Pakistan. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2018;32(2):91-297. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.153866
  32. Fard SR, Fathi S, Asl EN, Nazhad HA, Kazeroni SS. Hard ticks on one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in southeast, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2012;44:197-200. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9909-y
  33. Alsarraf M, Mierzejewska E.J, Mohallal EME, Behnke JM, Bajer A. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the ticks from the Sinai Massif, Egypt, and their possible role in the transmission of Babesia behnkei. Exp Appl Acarol. 2017;72:415-427. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0164-4]
  34. Alanazi AD, Nguyen VL, Alyousif MS, Manoj RRS, Alouffi AS, Donato R, Sazmand A, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vect. 2020;13(1):110. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3973-y   
  35. Elghali A, Hassan SM. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Sudan. Onderstepoort Vet Res. 2009;76:177-185. DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v76i2.43
  36. Hassan MI, Gabr HSM, Abdel-Shafy S, Hammad KM, Mokhtar MM. Prevalence of tick-vectors of Theileria annulata infesting the one-humped camels in giza, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2017;47(2):425-432. DOI: 10.12816/jesp.2017.77797
  37. Abdel-Shafy S, Allam NAT. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detection of flaviviruses associated with camel ticks in Egypt. Glob Vet. 2013;10:394-402. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.10.4.7235
  38. Gharbi M, Touay A, Khayeche M, Laarif J, Jedidi M, Sassi L, Darghouth MA. Ranking control options for tropical theileriosis in at-risk dairy cattle in Tunisia, using benefit-cost analysis. Rev Scient Tech OIE. 2011;3:763-778. DOI: 10.20506/rst.30.3.2074
  39. Al-Deeb MA, Muzaffar SB, Abu-Zeid YA, Enan MR, Karim S. First record of a spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. and Theileria annulata in Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari:Ixodidae) ticks in the United Arab Emirates. Florida Entomol. 2015;98:135-139. DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0123  
  40. Zeleke M, Bekele M. Species of ticks in camels and their seasonal population dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2004;36:225-231. DOI: 10.1023/B:TROP.0000016830.30194.2a
  41. Stachurski F, Lancelot R. Footbath acaricide treatment to control cattle infestation by the tick Amblyomma variegatum. Med Vet Entomol. 2006;20:402-412. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00648.x
  42. Walker AR. Amblyomma tick feeding in relation to host health. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1996;28:26S-28S. DOI: 10.1007/BF02310695
  43. Parola P, Vestris G, Martinez D, Brochier B, Roux V, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettiosis in Guadeloupe, the French West Indies:isolation of Rickettsia africae from Amblyomma variegatum ticks and serosurvery in humans, cattle, and goats. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:888-893. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.888
  44. Allan SA, Barré N, Sonenshine DE, Burridge MJ. Efficacy of tags impregnated with pheromone and acaricide for control of Amblyomma variegatum. Med Vet Entomol. 1998;12:141-150. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00080.x
  45. Mustafa BH. Detection on ectoparasites on small ruminants and their impact on the tanning industry in Sulaimani province. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2019;33(2):303-309. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.162995

  • Article View: 1,262
  • PDF Download: 539
  • LinkedIn
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Google
  • Telegram
  • Home
  • Glossary
  • News
  • Aims and Scope
  • Privacy Policy
  • Sitemap

 

© 2023, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul

 
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)

Powered by eJournalPlus