College of Veterinary Medicine / University of Mosul
  • Register
  • Login
  • العربیة

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Notice

As part of Open Journals’ initiatives, we create website for scholarly open access journals. If you are responsible for this journal and would like to know more about how to use the editorial system, please visit our website at https://ejournalplus.com or
send us an email to info@ejournalplus.com

We will contact you soon

  1. Home
  2. Volume 35, Issue 2
  3. Authors

Current Issue

By Issue

By Subject

Keyword Index

Author Index

Indexing Databases XML

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Editorial Staff

Facts and Figures

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms

    Zanan M Taha Shaaban Tayar Sadiq Warheen Aziz Khalil Kaheen Yusif Muhammad-Ali Hayam Salih Yosif Hozan Nizar Shamil

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 375-380
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405

  • Show Article
  • Highlights
  • Full Text
  • References
  • Download
  • Cite
  • Statistics
  • Share

Abstract

The significance of Aeromonas hydrophila concerning hemorrhagic septicemia in aquaculture farms production in Duhok province, Iraq was investigated. Antibiotic-resistant profiles of isolates were also investigated with 8 antibiotics. Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological and biochemical tests and confirmed molecularly by amplification of gcat gene. Out of 25 examined fish, only 19 fish were harbored A. hydrophila. Twenty-four A. hydrophila strains were isolates from 100 organ samples. Ninety-six percentages of the isolates were resistant to each of the imipenem and gentamicin, followed by doxycycline 92%, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 88%, norfloxacin 58% and ceftriaxone 33%. None were resistant to levofloxacin. Eighty-eight percentages were multiple antibiotics resistant. The high isolation rate of A. hydrophila in our study indicates that this species was the major cause of the outbreak in hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in our area affecting carp farms and the high rate of resistance should be considered as these isolates can serve as a resistance source for human being during food series and make a great challenge for their therapeutic opportunity.
Keywords:
    Aeromonas hydrophila hemorrhagic septicemia Molecular detection antimicrobial resistance
Main Subjects:
  • Veterinary Microbiology

Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms

 

Z.M. Taha1, S.T. Sadiq1, W.A. Khalil2, K.Y. Ali2, H.S. Yosif2 and H.N. Shamil2

 

1Department of Pathology and Microbiology, 2Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University, Duhok, Iraq

 

Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, zananvete@yahoo.com, 0000-0001-5512-6338

Shaaban Tayar Sadiq, 0000-0001-9955-3972,

Warheen Aziz Khalil, 0000-0001-7252-2711,

Kaheen Yusif Muhammad-Ali, 0000-0001-7076-3167,

Hayam Salih Yosif, 0000-0001-9035-8142,

Hozan Nizar Shamil, 0000-0003-0606-7057,

 

2020-04-05

2020-05-14

 

Abstract

The significance of Aeromonas hydrophila concerning hemorrhagic septicemia in aquaculture farms production in Duhok province, Iraq was investigated. Antibiotic-resistant profiles of isolates were also investigated with 8 antibiotics. Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological and biochemical tests and confirmed molecularly by amplification of gcat gene. Out of 25 examined fish, only 19 fish were harbored A. hydrophila. Twenty-four A. hydrophila strains were isolates from 100 organ samples. Ninety-six percentages of the isolates were resistant to each of the imipenem and gentamicin, followed by doxycycline 92%, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 88%, norfloxacin 58% and ceftriaxone 33%. None were resistant to levofloxacin. Eighty-eight percentages were multiple antibiotics resistant. The high isolation rate of A. hydrophila in our study indicates that this species was the major cause of the outbreak in hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in our area affecting carp farms and the high rate of resistance should be considered as these isolates can serve as a resistance source for human being during food series and make a great challenge for their therapeutic opportunity.

 

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila; hemorrhagic septicemia; Molecular detection; antimicrobial resistance

 

بحث عن جین gcat ونمط المقاومة للمضادات الحیویة فی ایرومونس هایدروفلاالمعزولة من حالات تسمم الدم النزفیة فی المزارع السمکیة

 

زانان محمد أمین طه1، شعبان طیار صدیق1، وارهین عزیز خلیل2،کاهین یوسف محمدعلی2، هیام صالح یوسف2،و هوزان نزار شامل2

 

1قسم الأمراض والأحیاء المجهریة، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة دهوک، 2قسم الطب الباطنی والجراحة، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة دهوک

 

الخلاصة

الهدف من الدراسة هو بحث أهمیة ایرومونس هایدروفلا والعلاقة مع تسمم الدم النزفی فی مزارع إنتاج الأحیاء المائیة فی محافظة دهوک، العراق. کذلک تم بحث ملامح المقاومة للمُضادات الحیویة للعزلات مع 8 أنواع من المضادات الحیویة. تم تحدید العزلات الجرثومیة باستخدام الاختبارات المظهریة والاختبارات الکیمیائیة الحیویة وقد تم تأکیدها جزئیاً من خلال جین gcat. أظهرت النتائج انه من بین 25 سمکة تم فحصها، 19 منها کانت مضیفة للایرومونس هایدروفلا. تم عزل أربعة وعشرین عتر من الایرومونس هایدروفلا من 100 عینة من عینات الأعضاء. 96% من العزلات کانت ذات مقاوِمة لواحدة من ایمیبینیم والجنتامایسین، ثم 92% سیبروفلوکساسین، الترای مثبریم - سلفامیثوکزال 88%، نورفلوکساسین 58%، وسیفاترایکسزون 33%. فیما لم تکن أی من العزلات مقاومة الى اللیفوفلوکساسین. کما إن 88% من العزلات کانت مقاومة لأکثر من مضاد جرثومی، یشیر معدل العزلة المرتفع للایرومونس هایدروفلا فی دراستنا إلى أن هذا النوع کان السبب الرئیسی لانتشارحالات تسمم الدم النزفیة فی منطقتنا والتی تؤثر على مزارع الکارب ومعدل المقاومة المرتفعة، ینبغی النظر إلى أن هذه العزلات قد تکون بمثابة مصدر للعدوى للإنسان أثناء سلسلة الغذاء وتشکل تحدیًا کبیرا لفرصهم العلاجیة.

 

Introduction

 

The largest and most dangerous form of diseases affecting fish production is the bacterial infections, which account for 80% of fish mortality (1). In turn, this would adversely affect aquaculture (2). Aeromonas hydrophila is considered the primary cause of septicemia disease, including carp, tilapia, perch, catfish, salmon, and many other freshwaters and marine species(3). The marked clinical signs that seen on the abdominal wall and at the base of fins are congestion and hemorrhage as well as scale erosion at all body surfaces. While the prominent post mortem lesions are highly congested internal organs, ascitic fluid build-up in the abdominal cavity and swollen kidney and spleen (2). In addition, a variety of human illnesses have involved by A. hydrophila, it causes a broad spectrum of infections (gastroenteritis, septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis) in humans, often in immune-compromised hosts (4). A. hydrophila is easy to grow on standard laboratory enteric media and produces β-hemolysis on blood agar with grey, flat, round and shiny colonies about 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter, ability to grow on MacConkey agar with non-lactose fermentation and they are oxidase-positive (5,6). Different reports have revealed that A. hydrophila is widely antibiotic-resistant. Considerations, including the indiscriminate overuse of antibiotics in fisheries are responsible for this. This contributes to high selection pressure in bacteria to develop resistance through a variety of mechanisms such as genetic mutation and horizontal gene transfer. This is a public and marine health hazard (7).

Little information is available on the fact that is it A. hydrophila regarded as the primary cause of hemorrhagic septicemia in fish as well as antibiotic resistance rate of A. hydrophila from clinical cases of fish suffering from hemorrhagic lesions in all around the world. The present study was intended to assess the accurate rate of A. hydrophila incidence as a causal agent of septicemias in different fish farms in Duhok city and also to assess their resistant rate against different antibiotics that most commonly used for therapeutic purposes against this bacterium in fish farms and human being.

 

Materials and methods

 

Sample collection

The sample collection process and the choosing of sample types, was carried out according to Aboyadak, (2) and Hassan et al (8). Samples were taken from 5 carp fish farms (Agricultural 1, 2 and 3, Mosul dam and one pond in Xhanke Village) with symptoms of septicemia, which include skin hemorrhage with hemorrhagic skin ulcers and de-pigmented zones in the skin, and necropsy for internal organ lesions including extreme congestion and internal organ hemorrhage, enlarged liver and gall bladder. Each dead fish was picked in a separate sterile labeled plastic bag and transported to the laboratory in icebox. From each fish, four different samples were taken from heart blood, liver, kidney tissues, and hemorrhagic or ulcerative area on the skin. The sampling from each part of the fish lesion was carried out under strict sterile conditions to prevent contamination with normal flora, in which bacteria were isolated with a sterile loop from each organ of each fish. Four samples from each fish organ lesions were pooled to make one sample for testing. From 25 collected fish, a total of 100 organ lesion samples were taken.

 

Isolation and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila by phenotypic methods

Each loop sample at the collection time was directly put into tubes containing 10 ml of brain heart infusion broth (HiMedia, India) or tryptic soy broth (Lab M, UK) and incubated at 37°C for 20-24 hrs., as a pre-enrichment step (8). One to two loopful of pre-enrichment broth was inoculated on to blood agar supplemented with 7% sheep blood and incubated as previous. Beta-haemolytic 2-3 mm colonies were directly sub-cultured onto MacConkey agar and incubated as previously. Pale (non-lactose fermenter) colonies of Aeromonas hydrophila were presumptively identified by Grams stain, indole production test, oxidase test, catalase test and urease test (5,6). Colonies from positive samples were directly preserved at -20°C as stock culture in tubes containing brain heart infusion broth with 25% glycerol (9). The final confirmation was carried out by PCR amplification of gcat (glycerophospholipid-cholesterolacyltransferase) gene which is common for Aeromonas hydrophila (10).

 

DNA extraction and detection of gcat gene by PCR amplification

DNA samples were extracted by thermal extraction method according to Taha and Yassin (11). From stock culture 100 µl was inoculated onto MacConkey agar and incubated as previous. From MacConkey agar 2-3 pure (similar morphology) colonies were chosen and mixed with 200 µl of sterile double distilled water in a 1.5 ml tube. For at least 15 s, the mixture was vortexed and directly heated at 95ºC for 10 min; the samples then cooled directly by ice, the cooled suspension was centrifuged. One hundred fifty µl supernatant was used as a template DNA for PCR. The purity and concentration of extracted DNA were examined using a nano drop (Thermo Scientific, USA) (12). The extracted DNA samples were stored under freezing (-20) until used as DNA templates for PCR analysis (13). To identify the A. hydrophila, gcat gene was amplified as potential markers of detection (10). The gcat-PCR amplification was made in a total volume of 25 µl containing 12.5 µl of hot start premix (Genedirex, Taiwan), 1 µl of each of reverse and forward primer (F:5’-CTCCTGGAATCCCAAGTATCAG-3’ and R: 5’-GGCAGGTTGAACAGCAGTATCT-3’), which amplify a 237 bp fragment (concentration: 10 pmol), 2 µl of sample DNA (50-150ng/µl), the remainder was filled with 8.5 µl nuclease-free water (Qiagen, Germany). The process of amplification was performed in thermocycler (GeneAmp® PCR System 9700, Singapore, Applied Biosystems) according to Latif-Eugenín et al, (14). PCR program was 95°C for 3 min followed by 35 amplification cycles of denaturation, annealing and elongation, were 94ºC for 1 min, 56°C for 1 min, and 72ºC for 1 min, respectively and final elongation of 72ºC for 5 min. Amplification of PCR products was confirmed in 1.5% agarose gel prepared with 1× Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer and stained by red safe DNA staining solution (GeNetBio, Korea). Successful gcat gene amplification is considered when bands in agarose gel at the anticipated size of 237 bp seen.

 

Antibiotic susceptibility test

The identified isolates by PCR assay were tested against 8 antibiotics as described by Stratev and Odeyemi (7) and Li et al (15), using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Lab M, UK).The concentration of each antibiotic per disc (Bio-analyze, Turkey) was as follow: doxycycline 30 μg, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 1.25 and 23.75 μg, gentamicin (10μg), ciprofloxacin 5 μg, ceftriaxone 30 μg, imipenem 10 μg, levofloxacin 5 μg and norfloxacin 10 μg. The protocol and interpretations of results break-pinots were carried out according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) (16). Isolates were marked as either susceptible or resistant isolates that were intermediately susceptible to specific antibiotic were classified as resistant. Any isolate that was resistant to three or more antibiotics (≥ 3) was known as multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR).

 

Results

 

Phenotypic methods for the detection of Aeromonas hydrophila

The cultural characteristics of all isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila on blood agar were found as β-hemolytic, with grey, flat, round and shiny colonies about 2-3 mm in diameter. On MacConkey agar, their colonies were showed as pale non lactose fermenter. With Grams stain all isolates were showed as medium-sized, straight, Gram-negative rods under oil immersion objective lens (Figure 1). While the results of biochemical tests, all isolates were indole positive characteristic red ring above fluid media in tryptophan broth, oxidase test positive (the color was changed of cotton swab with a loopful of bacterial culture to dark purple within 10 seconds after adding of 1% solution of N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride, catalase test positive bubble formation after adding of one drop of hydrogen peroxide on a loopful of bacterial culture on sterile microscopic slide and urease test negativity the color of Christensen’s urea agar contained 40% urea solution was changed to yellowish as a result of acidic byproduct from glucose utilization (Figure 2).

 

 

 

Figure 1: Characteristic β-hemolytic, round colonies of A. hdrophila on blood agar (A); pale (non-lactose fermenter) colonies on MacConkey agar (B); Medium-sized, straight, Gram-negative rods (1000x) (C).

 

 

Figure 2: Indole positive (characteristic red ring above fluid media in tryptophan broth) (A); dark purple color formation indicative of oxidase test positive (B); bubble formation indicates of catalase test positivity (C); yellow color of Christensen’s urea agar containing 40% urea indicate urease test negativity (D).

 

Genotypic method for the detection of Aeromonas hydrophila

According to the PCR amplification of gcat gene, all identified Aeromonas hydrophila isolates by both morphological and biochemical tests, were showed a band size of about 237 bp on agarose gel after staining with red safe DNA staining solution and after electrophoresis process (figure 3). These were indicated that all isolates were A. hdrophila.

 

 

 

Figure 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products. M: 100 bp DNA ladder, lines (1-5) positive result at 237 bp for gcat gene of A. hydrophila isolates.

 

Out of 25 carp examined, only 19 fish were found to be infected with A. hydrophila. While out of 100 collected organ samples (25 livers, 25 kidneys, 25 hearts, and 25 skins) from a total of 25 examined carps, only 24 strains of A. hydrophila were identified. These were in accordance with phenotypic methods (Figure 1,2) and genotypic methods (PCR amplification of gcat gene) (Figure 3). The liver was the predominated organ to have A. hydrophila (9 isolates) followed by kidney and heart each of 6 isolates and skin of about 3 isolates (Table1). Regarding the geographical region, fishes from Khanke area and agricultural pond 3 were showed a higher isolation rate 100% followed by Mosul dam 80%, Agricultural two 75%, and Agricultural 1 (43%) (Table1).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1: Isolation rate of A. hydrophila in different fish farms

 

Geographical region

No of sampled fish

No and % of positive fish

No of isolates

Liver Kidney Heart Skin

Agricultural 1

6

2 (43%)

3 a

2

-

-

1

Agricultural 2

4

3 (75%)

6

2

1

1

2

Agricultural 3

4

4 (100%)

5

3

1

1

-

Khanke

6

6 (100%)

6

2

2

2

-

Mosul dam

5

4 (80%)

4

-

2

2

-

Total

25

19 (76%)

24 a

9

6

6

3

No: number; a: represent the number ofA. hydrophila isolates but not the exact percentage of positive fish.

 

Antibiotic susceptibility test

All isolates were resistant to at least one tested antibiotic. Ninety-six percent of the isolates were found to be resistant to each of imipenem and gentamicin, followed by doxycycline 92%, 88% by each of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin 58% and ceftriaxone 33%. Neither of the isolates was levofloxacin resistance (all were susceptible) (Figure 4), (Table 2). Twenty-one isolates 88% were multiple antibiotics resistant (resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotics) (Figure 4). The MAR was high in agricultural 2 and 3 farms 100% (Table 2).

 

Table 2: Antibiotic-resistant profile of 24 A. hydrophila isolates

 

Geographical region (No)

N (%)

IMI

CFN

CIP

GEN

SXT

NOR

DOX

LEV

MAR

Agricultural 1 (3)

2(67%)

1(33%)

2(67%)

2(67%)

2(67%)

1(33%)

3(100%)

-

2(67%)

Agricultural 2 (6)

6(100%)

2(33%)

6(100%)

6(100%)

5(83%)

3(50%)

6(100%)

-

6(100%)

Agricultural 3 (5)

5(100%)

2(40%)

5(100%)

5(100%)

5(100%)

3(60%)

5(100%)

-

5(100%)

Khanke (6)

6(100%)

2(33%)

5(83%)

6(100%)

5(83%)

4(67%)

5(83%)

-

5(83%)

Mosul dam (4)

4(100%)

1(25%)

(75%)

4(100%)

4(100%)

3(75%)

3(75%)

-

3(75%)

24 isolates

23(96%)

8(33%)

21(88%)

23(96%)

21(88%)

14(58%)

22(92%)

-

21(88%)

IMI: imipenem, CFN: ceftriaxone, CIP: ciprofloxacin, GEN: gentamicin, SXT: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, NOR: norfloxacin, DOX: doxycycline, LEV: levofloxacin, MAR: Multiple antibiotics resistance. No: number

 

 

 

Figure 4: Antibiotic-resistant profile a total of 24 A. hydrophila isolates to different tested antibiotics. IMI: imipenem, CFN: ceftriaxone, CIP: ciprofloxacin, GEN: gentamicin, SXT: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, NOR: norfloxacin, DOX: doxycycline LEV: levofloxacin, MAR: Multiple antibiotics resistance.

Discussion

 

Aeromonas hydrophila is a significant opportunistic pathogen in the aquatic environment of freshwater where the most critical stressors include rough handling, crowding, malnutrition, heavy free ammonia (NH3) and elevated nitrites (NO2) are present (1,8). Adding to these, in muddy water with heavy organic content, A hydrophila is abundant (17). Any changes in water parameters can lead to immune stress situations and this will predispose fish from being infected with A. hydrophila, and encourage opportunist bacterial infections (1,18). The high isolation rate of A. hydrophila seen in this study can all be due to these factors. However, in this study, not all fish showing clinical signs of septicemia were harbored A. hydrophila, this mostly due to that a large number of Aeromonas spp other than hydrophila are responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia in fish. There is strong evidence that many Aeromonas spp as a cause of diseases have been found in aquatic environments (wild and farmed fresh water and/or marine species) (19). The causes of epizootic ulceration and hemorrhagic septicemia in fishes have become well established with Aeromonas veronii (8). In another study which was carried in China, proposed that motile Aeromonas spp. other than A. hydrophila were also found in moribund fish with hemorrhagic septicemia (17).

According to the clinical and laboratory standards institute CLSI (16) isolates that are initially susceptible or intermediately resistant to one antibiotic may become resistant after initiation of therapy. Therefore, in this study any isolate that was intermediately resistant to specific antibiotic was classified as resistant isolate to antibiotics. In this study, all the isolates showed a high degree of resistance to the tested antibiotics with a significant resistance to both imipenem and gentamicin. However, Sreedharan et al (20), reported a total sensitivity of Aeromonas spp., to imipenem and gentamicin. As well as, Al-Dabbagh (21) in Mosul, Iraq, also found that A. hydrophila isolated from milk samples in bovine mastitis was susceptible to gentamicin. On the other hand, Stratev and Odeyemi (7) reported that 50% of A. hydrophila isolated from Tilapia were resistant to imipenem. This finding most likely reflects the presence of selective pressures in these ecosystems mainly because antimicrobial agents are used in both aquatic and human clinical prevention and treatment strategies (15,22). However, imipenem has never been used neither therapeutically nor prophylactically in an aquatic environment but the resistant in these fields is most likely created due to human wastewaters (hospital wastewaters) or rivers containing imipenem resistant genes (carbapenems) or antibiotic residues with subsequent contamination to the aquatic environment which in turn lead to the development of selective pressure of resistant in these environments (23,24). In a study carried out to explore the existence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals wastewater collected in Mumbai, India, identified new resistance genes and novel carbapenemases including NDM, VIM, IMP, KPC, and OXA-48 (25). In comparison, all isolates were levofloxacin susceptible in this study and this is consistent with Li et al (15). This indicates that this antibiotic is not yet used in aquatic environments as a therapeutic or prophylactic purpose.

An alarming level of MAR in this work was observed especially in isolates from Agricultural 2 and 3. This indicates that in these farms different antibiotic types were used as a prophylactic purpose to reduce the probability of the occurrence of infectious diseases or to accelerate aquaculture growth (24,26). The presence of bacteria in overcrowding microbial ecosystems favorable for the transfer of genetic materials such as plasmid, transposons, and integrons carrying multiple antimicrobial-resistant genes is usually regarded a reason for MAR development (27) or that isolates carried genes codes for efflux pumps to multiple antibiotics, resulting to the higher rates of MAR (28). The presence of MAR in A. hydrophila has also been reported by others (7,22,29).

 

Conclusion

 

A high isolation rate of A. hydrophila found in this study, means that this is acommon organism associated with disease outbreaks in aquaculture in the Dohuk province, Iraq. This indicates that A. hydrophila is a primary invader in farmed fish in our area. The high levels of antibiotic resistance recorded in this study should be carefully considered as these isolates can serve as a human source of infection during food series and pose a major challenge for the therapeutic possibility.

 

Acknowledgments

 

This study was partially supported by the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Iraq. Great thanks to the College of Agriculture for providing the samples and to Duhok Research Centre (DRC) for works facility. Thanks are extended to Dr. Rezheen F Abdurrahman for work advice.

 

Conflict of interest

 

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript

  1. The high isolation rate of A. hydrophila in our study indicates that this species was the major cause of the outbreak in hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases
  2. Resistance with imipenem and gentamicin were high
  3. High percentages of isolates were showed multiple-antibiotics resistant
  4. The elevated antibiotic resistances make a great challenge for therapeutic opportunity
  • PDF (914 K)
  • XML
(2021). Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(2), 375-380. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405
Zanan M Taha; Shaaban Tayar Sadiq; Warheen Aziz Khalil; Kaheen Yusif Muhammad-Ali; Hayam Salih Yosif; Hozan Nizar Shamil. "Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms". Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35, 2, 2021, 375-380. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405
(2021). 'Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms', Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(2), pp. 375-380. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405
Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021; 35(2): 375-380. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405
  • RIS
  • EndNote
  • BibTeX
  • APA
  • MLA
  • Harvard
  • Vancouver

  1. Pȩkala-Safińska A. Contemporary threats of bacterial infections in freshwater fish. J Vet Res. 2018;62(3):261-7. Doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0037
  2. Aboyadak IM. Molecular Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila as the Main Cause of Outbreak in Tilapia Farms in Egypt. J Aquac Mar Biol. 2015;2(6):2-5. Doi: 10.15406/jamb.2015.02.00045
  3. Janda JM, Abbott SL. The genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(1):35-73. Doi: 10.1128/CMR.00039-09
  4. Spadaro S, Berselli A, Marangoni E, Romanello A, Colamussi MV, Ragazzi R, Zardi S, Volta CA. Aeromonas sobria necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis in an immunocompromised patient: A case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8(1):1-6. Doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-315
  5. Miñana-Galbis D, Farfán M, Lorén JG, Fusté MC. Biochemical identification and numerical taxonomy of Aeromonas spp. isolated from environmental and clinical samples in Spain. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(3):420-30. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01711.x.
  6. Stratev D, Odeyemi OA. Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: A mini-review. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(5):535-44. Doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.006
  7. Hassan MA, Noureldin EA, Mahmoud MA, Fita NA. Molecular identification and epizootiology of Aeromonas veronii infection among farmed Oreochromis niloticus in Eastern Province, KSA. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2017;43(2):161-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejar.2017.06.001
  8. Zubairi RB. Genetic detection to Aeromonas hydrophila proteolytic activity in milk samples (cows, buffaloes and goats) in Basra governorate. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2020;34(2):253-8. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125888.1174
  9. Chacón MR, Castro-Escarpulli G, Soler L, Guarro J, Figueras MJ. A DNA probe specific for Aeromonas colonies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;44(3):221-5. Doi: 10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00455-8
  10. Taha ZM, Yassin NA. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in animal products in Duhok province, Iraq. Iran J Vet Res. 2019;20(4):255-62. Doi: 10.22099/ijvr.2019.5502
  11. Hado HA, Assafi MS. Molecular fingerprinting of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human and poultry in Duhok, Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2021;35(1):99-103. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126375.1310
  12. Hussein SA. S Study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the mouth of canary. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2020;34(2):301-4. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125937.1192
  13. Latif-Eugenín F, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras MJ. A culture independent method for the detection of Aeromonas species. From water samples. Ital J Food Saf. 2016;5(1):11-4. Doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2016.5489
  14. Li F, Wang W, Zhu Z, Chen A, Du P, Wang R, Chen H, Hu Y, Li J, Kan B, Wang D. Distribution, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas isolates from diarrheal patients and water, China. J Infect. 2015;70(6):600-8. Doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.11.004
  15. Clinical and laboratory standards institute. M100-S25 Performance standards for antimicrobial. Wayne. 2015;35(3):1-236.
  16. Nielsen ME, Hi L, Schmidt AS, Qian D, Shimada TJ, Larsen JL. Is Aeromonas hydrophila the dominant motile Aeromonas species that causes disease outbreaks in aquaculture production in the Zhejiang Province of China? Dis Aquat Organ. 2001;46(1):23-9. Doi: 10.3354/dao046023
  17. Iregui CA, Comas J, Vásquez GM, Verjan N. Experimental early pathogenesis of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in red tilapia Oreochromis spp. J Fish Dis. 2016;39(2):205-15. Doi: 10.1111/jfd.12347
  18. Chaix G, Roger F, Berthe T, Lamy B, Jumas-Bilak E, Lafite R, Forget-Leray R, Petit F. Distinct Aeromonas populations in water column and associated with copepods from estuarine environment (Seine, France). Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1-13. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01259
  19. Sreedharan K, Philip R, Singh ISB. Virulence potential and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of motile aeromonads associated with freshwater ornamental fish culture systems: A possible threat to public health. Brazilian J Microbiol. 2012;43(2):754-65. Doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822012000200040
  20. Al-Dabbagh SYA. Bovine mastitis caused by gram negative bacteria in Mosul. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2012;26(1):11-6. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2012.35193
  21. Zdanowicz M, Mudryk ZJ, Perliński P. Abundance and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas isolated from the water of three carp ponds. Vet Res Commun. 2020;44(1):9-18. Doi: 10.1007/s11259-020-09768-x
  22. Al-Mashhadany DA. Monitoring of antibiotic residues among sheep meats at Erbil city and thermal processing effect on their remnants. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2020;34(2): 217-222. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125814.1161
  23. Marathe NP, Janzon A, Kotsakis SD, Flach CF, Razavi M, Berglund F, Kristiansson E, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ. Functional metagenomics reveals a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing mobile beta-lactamase from Indian River sediments contaminated with antibiotic production waste. Environ Int. 2018;112: 279-86. Doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.036
  24. Ma Marathe NP, Berglund F, Razavi M, Pal C, Dröge J, Samant S, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ. Sewage effluent from an Indian hospital harbors novel carbapenemases and integron-borne antibiotic resistance genes. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):1-11. Doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0710-x
  25. Miranda CD, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Current status of the use of antibiotics and the antimicrobial resistance in the chilean Salmon farms. 2018;9:1-14. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01284
  26. Economou V, Gousia P. Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8: 49-61. Doi: 10.2147/IDR.S55778
  27. El-Sharkawy H, Tahoun A, El-Gohary AEGA, El-Abasy M, El-Khayat F, Gillespie T, Kitade Y, Hafez HM, Neubauer H, El Adawy H. Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in Egypt. Gut Pathog. 2017;9(1):1-12. Doi: 10.1186/s13099-017-0157-1
  28. Vivekanandhan G, Savithamani K, Hatha AAM, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from marketed fish and prawn of South India. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002; 76:165-168. Doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00009-0

  • Article View: 1,577
  • PDF Download: 480
  • LinkedIn
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Google
  • Telegram
  • Home
  • Glossary
  • News
  • Aims and Scope
  • Privacy Policy
  • Sitemap

 

© 2023, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul

 
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)

Powered by eJournalPlus