Abstract
This study aimed at detecting the effects of COQ10 with and without vitamin E on some semen characteristics of the broiler breeder males. Twenty-five males at 43weeks of age divided into five categories of treatment with five replicates. The first treatment (control group) included drenching with corn oil capsules only. The second and fourth treatments were about drenching with capsules containing the COQ10 enzyme at a concentration of 5 mg / male / day with and without10 mg of vitamin E whereas the third and fifth treatments included drenching with capsules containing the Q10 enzyme at a concentration of 10 mg / male / day with and without 10 mg of vitamin E. This whole scheme of treatments was to study their effects on certain semen and seminal plasma properties. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the ejaculation volume, both individual and mass motility in addition to sperm concentration, all accrediting the fifth treatment. Furthermore, the results clear a significant decrease in the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms. The COQ10 with and without vitamin E led to improved semen quality marking a reduction in AST and ALT, glucose concentration and total protein with improved antioxidant status referring to a high level of GSH and low MDA. We conclude from this study that COQ10 with and without vitamin E has the ability to improve the semen characteristics of age-old broiler breeder males and can improve the status of antioxidants in semen.
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Introduction
The intensive genetic selection of economically important traits had a negative impact on the secondary sexual characteristics pertaining to female chicken flocks due to its negative impact on libido and male mating potential especially in fields that depend on natural mating. This ultimately led to reduced overall flock (1). At the flock level, the male to female ratio is generally 1:10, where male contribution towards fertility becomes significantly greater than females. and both mating activity and sperm quality decrease at an early stage of the productive period due to several factors, including the decrease in testicular mass and both the production and quality of sperms (2,3).
The nature and feeding of male broilers and the high sperm production 2.2×109 sperm/day made them more susceptible to oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (4). Their production of mitochondria increases naturally or because the effects of premature aging appear on roosters (5,6). These factors urged the producing companies to search for means to extend the productivity of the broiler breeder males. These factors included hereditary, nutrition and management practices (7) or rotating the roosters from hall to hall (8) as well as the addition of materials like medicinal plants that limit the production of free radicals (9) and some vitamins (10) and other transactions.
Vitamin E (which is a fat-soluble vitamin) is a biological chain breaking antioxidant that protects cells and tissues from lipid peroxidation damage by free radicals (11). Vitamin E is essential for the integrity and optimal function of the reproductive, muscular, circulatory, nervous and immune systems (12,13). It's added for broiler breeder to produce fertilized eggs (14,15), demonstrating its ability to improve fertility and hatching characteristics of flocks of broiler breeder, and its role in improving sperm characteristics (16).
The coenzyme Q10 known as ubiquinone is a naturally compound enzyme found in high and microorganisms. It is one of the only fat-soluble antioxidants that can be produced within the body (17). It has an important role in the respiratory chain in mitochondria of living cells that characterized by their high activity including sperm cells as well as enhancing the production of ATP (18). Q10 also protects the cellular membranes and lipids in the plasma from lipid peroxidation, and its role in renewing other antioxidants such as vitamin E and C (6). Despite its role in cases of decreased fertility and infertility (19), the research of the broiler breeder males has never been so far addressed. This study aimed at detecting the effects of COQ10 with and without vitamin E on some semen characteristics of the broiler breeder males.
Materials and methods
This study conducted in the animal production farm of the Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, during the period from 25/2/2018 to 5/5/2018.
Birds and diets
Twenty-five 43-week-old breeder roosters (Ross 308) used in this study. Following two weeks of adaptation period on experimental conditions and treatment diets. During that period, the roosters trained to respond well to collecting semen. The roosters were randomly allocated into five treatments with 5 replicates. The first treatment (control group) subjected to drenching of capsules containing corn oil only. The second and fourth treatments drenching capsules containing the COQ10 at a concentration of 5 mg / male / day with and without 10 mg vitamin E, while the third and fifth treatments birds drenching of capsules containing the CO Q10 at a concentration of 10 mg / male / day with and without 10 mg vitamin E. The roosters fed a productive diet supplemented 2700 Kcal / kg of diet and 11.5% raw protein. Water provided freely throughout the experiment.
Collecting semen samples
The seminal fluid from each rooster collected three times per week for two consecutive weeks during the four weeks comprising the study period. The collection process would be at nine o’clock in the morning right each day, with roosters deprived of both nutrients and water for no less than 5 hours to ensure a clean, uric acid-free fluid and having no waste. The semen samples collected according to the method described by (20).
Seminal fluid tests
The semen collected with 5 ml test tubes for the following tests: ejaculation velum, mass and individual motility, percentage of dead and abnormal sperm and sperm concentration.
Seminal plasma tests
After obtaining the seminal plasma, determine semen glucose, total protein determined. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) activity estimated and as well as estimation of the status of antioxidants by measuring levels GSH and MDA plasma.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis conducted using a general linear model, procedure of SAS to evaluate the effects of treatments on reproductive traits. The differences between the means tested using the Duncan’s test (21), the result with P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The results of semen quality parameters of broiler breeder males are given in Table 1. According to the results, ejaculation volume, mass and individual motility and sperm concentration significantly (P≤0.05) improved in those male broiler breeders which received 10/mg/bird/day COQ10 with and without 10 mg/ bird/day vitamin E drenching. The results of this table also indicated that the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms were significantly reduced in roosters that received 10/mg/d COQ10 with and without 10 mg/d vitamin E drenching compared to other groups.
Effects of COQ10 with vitamin E supplementation on seminal plasma traits shown in Table 2. The results showed that the treatment with Q10 with and without vitamin E led to reducing AST enzyme activity in all treatments of the study compared with control group. Treating the drench with COQ10 at a concentration of 10 mg/rooster with and without vitamin E led to reducing the ALT enzyme activity, and significantly reduced level of glucose in compared with the control group and both treatments 2 and 4. Drenching COQ10 with and without vitamin E led to a significant reduced in total protein level within the seminal plasma in all treatment compared with the control group. In addition, it has improved the status of antioxidants in the seminal plasma of broiler breeder roosters. Which represented a lower MDA level and higher GSH in all study coefficients compared with control group.
Table 1: Effects of COQ10 with vitamin E supplementation on semen quality parameters of broiler breeder males
|
Trait |
Control |
COQ10 |
COQ10 + vitamin E |
||
|
5 mg |
10 mg |
5 mg + 10 mg |
10 mg + 10 mg |
||
|
Ejaculate volume (ml) |
0.35 ±0.008C |
0.35±0.009C |
0.43±0.013A |
0.38 ± 0.013B |
0.44± 0.018A |
|
Mass sperm motility (%) |
65.34±0.772D |
70.34±0.614B |
74.81±0.820C |
71.93±0.958C |
77.33±0.948A |
|
Individual motility (%) |
71.18±0.891D |
73.89±0.958C |
78.06±0.465B |
76.99±0.946B |
80.55±0.744A |
|
Dead sperm (%) |
35.32±0.652A |
29.75±0.625B |
25.12±0.505C |
27.20±0.562D |
22.84±0.927E |
|
Abnormal sperm (%) |
27.67±0.927A |
25.06±1.304B |
21.68±0.431C |
23.73±0.652CB |
18.72±0.018D |
|
Sperm concentration (x10 /ml) |
3.16 ±0.096C |
3.38±0.079AB |
3.543±0.067A |
3.388±0.059AB |
3.556±0.071A |
Letters in same row refers to significantly different at level P<0.05.
Table 2. Effects of COQ10 with vitamin E supplementation on seminal plasma parameters of broiler breeder males
|
Trait |
Control |
COQ10 |
COQ10 + vitamin E |
||
|
5 mg |
10 mg |
5 mg + 10 mg |
10 mg + 10 mg |
||
|
Semen glucose (mg/100 ml) |
12.72±0.267A |
12.27±0.348A |
10.07±0.299A |
12.23±0.359A |
9.78±0.540B |
|
semen protein (g/100 ml) |
4.95±0.165A |
4.10±0.159B |
3.43±0.053D |
3.80±0.079C |
3.42±0.088D |
|
AST(IU/L) |
19.66±0.557A |
18.83±0.307AB |
16.33±0.421D |
17.83±0.477C |
17.33±0.494CD |
|
ALT(IU/L) |
5.83±0.477A |
4.66±0.333AB |
4.33±0.210B |
5.16±0.477AB |
4.33±0.210B |
|
GSH µmole/mole |
0.97±0.036D |
1.76±0.217C |
2.78±0.201B |
2.81±0.056B |
3.15±0.155A |
|
MDA µ mole /mole |
1.99±0.15A |
1.47±0.589B |
1.12±0.779C |
1.31±0.066B |
1.07±0.046C |
Letters in same row refers to significantly different at level P<0.05.
Discussion
It is noticeable from the current study that an improvement in ejaculation volume, may related to significant increase in sperms concentration. Since (9) found a positive correlation coefficient to both sperms concentration and ejaculation volume. Sperms production dependent on tests activity (22). Testes seminiferous tubules germinal layer thickness and area one of most important indicators for testes activity (9), COQ10 enzyme act to increase seminiferous tubules germinal layer thickness and area (23).
As improvement in individual and mass motility of sperms. The reason for that might be relevant reducing dead and abnormal sperms percentage (10,9), for both researchers had noticed a negative correlation coefficient of high significance between individual and mass motility of sperms from one side and the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms from the other side. Sperms motility depends on several factors but the most prominent of them is the concentration of sperms. As for our own results, one can notice a significant improvement in sperms concentration accompanied with a significant drop in both percentages of dead and abnormal sperms in favor of the treatments that included addition of CO Q10 with and without vitamin E. The improvement in individual and mass motility of sperms might attributed to COQ10 enzyme ability to enhance production of ATP from mitochondria, and hence increasing the motility of sperms, and also through its role as per transferring of electrons from complex I and complex II of the respiratory chain to complex III while in the same time transferring the protons out of the inner membrane of the mitochondria (24). Which would use eventually to activate ATPase in complex V to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (25). Where many studies referred to a correlation between sperms motility and activity of mitochondria that is present in huge amounts specifically within the mid-piece of sperms so as to cater for its high requisites of energy (26). Due to sperms relying on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria and cytoplasmic glycolysis (27). Increase COQ10 enzyme concentration lead to enhancing respiration and improvement Oxidative Phosphorylation (28). That is responsible for production of energy, which in turn affects sperms positively (6); the addition of Q10 enzyme has its role as per enhancing the sperms motility and confirms that there is a positive relationship between the level of Q10 enzyme within the spermatozoa and the concentrations and motility of sperms (29).The improvement in sperms motility may be due to COQ10 enzyme and vitamin E in protecting sperms membranes of oxidation damage (30) as well as its role as per improving the overall status of antioxidants within the semen which is regarded as the best system of protection of sperms against ROS (31).
In addition to the role of vitamin E as per protecting the cell from oxidation through controlling the production of H2O2 directly from mitochondria, it works with COQ10 as per protecting the cell membranes from the adverse influence of peroxide (15). This is what had been confirmed by (32) while referring to the importance of administering antioxidants to enhance the concentration and motility of sperms apart of its role in reducing the effects of aging on sperms’ motility since aging is relevant to enhanced cellular oxidation and the production of ROS (33). Bird’s sperms distinguished to have high content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids, with their physical characteristics that are vital for the sperms like flexibility and fluidity that needed for motility and fertilization (34). Then it is prone to attacked by ROS and the formation of lipid peroxidation and the direct loss of motility (35). As well as the drop in the sperm-oocyte fusion which eventually leads to losing the ability of fertilization (36).
Additionally, ROS capable to damage sperm’s DNA directly and indirectly via Lipid peroxidation substances. That is exist as compounds containing carbonyl like MDA and forms of 4-hydroxy-2 alkenals such as4-hydroxynonenal and 2-alkenals which are regarded as both genotoxic and carcinogenic substances that affect fertility and contributes to escalate the rate of abnormalities (37).
ROS not only reduces the activity of antioxidant enzymes, it can also damage the mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) that is responsible for coding 13 of the polypeptides that are basic for transferring electrons that are present in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, thus eventually affecting oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP via the mitochondria. Any flaw or defect in mtDNA leads to affecting the function of mitochondria membrane in an adverse manner leading to an unbalance in oxidation towards oxidative stress. Due to that, the function of mitochondria is regard as important and necessary for sperms growth and maturation (26). Thus, administering Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E had a considerable role in improving both individual and mass motility of sperms as well as reducing the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms and improving the status of antioxidants in the semen of roosters.
Both glucose and total protein regarded as some of the most important parameters for seminal/sperm plasma being able to reflect the status and activity of the sperms it contains. Glucose considered the basic source for producing sperms energy (5) thus decreasing the concentration of glucose can offer an index to assess any increase in sperms’ concentration and activity too, given here that both (9,38) noticed the presence of a negative correlation between glucose concentration and sperms concentration as well as their activity.
Total protein concentration reflects the amount of the damage done in sperms cells as its concentration increases with the increase in both percentages of dead sperms and abnormal ones. ALT and AST enzymes can express the status of the sperms and its function (13). For we notice that the of both AST and ALT enzymes activity as well as total protein had been decreased for all treatments studied in comparison to the control group especially in treatments 5 and 3 which included drenching with 10 mg of COQ10 enzyme /rooster/day with and without vitamin E, respectively.
The decreasing of these enzymes in seminal plasma might attributed to the decrease in damage processes in sperm cells. These enzymes are considered as principal enzymes available inside the sperms, their release occurs due to damages in the plasma membrane of the sperms or their death which leads to increasing the level of protein within seminal plasma (39). This result confirms the role of adding COQ10 enzyme with and without vitamin E as per improving the status of antioxidants and guarding the membranes of the sperms against oxidation damage.
This complies with the findings of (40), regarding a significant decrease dead and abnormal sperms percentage. As well as the activity of AST and ALT enzymes, with the increase in GST level (Glutathione S-Transferase) when antioxidants vitamins E and C are added to male rabbits due to its effectiveness as per reducing the production of free radicals as well as improving the quality of semen. This confirmed 14 of the significant improvement in the antioxidant status with the improvement of testicular function in the mice treated with the Coenzyme Q10. A positive correlation relevant to the status of total oxidation and the percentage of dead sperms in roosters of broiler breeders while there was a negative correlation of high significance between total antioxidants and the status of total oxidation and the percentage of dead sperms (41). In addition to that, the findings included a negative correlation between the effectiveness of ALT enzyme and both concentration and motility of sperms.
Conclusions
Concluded from this study that drenching broiler breeder males Coenzyme Q10 alone and with vitamin E led to a significant enhancement in semen quality when treated for eight weeks. Thus, the addition of Coenzyme Q10 along with vitamin E can result in extending the productive period of broiler breeder males.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Pro. Dr. Tariq Al-Jumaily, Tikrit University head department of animal production for providing the laboratory facilities.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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