Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Introduction

Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) is a globally distributed viral disease of horses (1). It is a member of the family Herpesviridae, within gamma-herpesvirinae subfamily and percavirus genus (2). EHV-2 is an enveloped double stranded genomic DNA virus, 184,427 kb in size (2). To date, there are five herpesviruses infecting horses. These have been categorised within either alpha-herpesvirinae including: EHV- 1, 3, and 4 species or gamma- herpesvirinae involving: EHV-2 and 5 species (1). EHV-2 co-infection with EHV-5 is commonly occurred (3). This co-infection was also demonstrated with an alpha-herpesvirus (EHV-1) in some abortion cases (4).

Like other herpesviruses, EHV-2 has two forms: latent and clinical infections. Commonly, young foals infected by the persistence phase with intermittent viral reactivations whereas adult horses mostly harbour the virus as a reservoir host thus likely play a role for viral spreading (5). This occurs according to host immunity (6). In most asymptomatic cases, EHV-2 has been detected from the respiratory and genital tissues (3,7). In the clinically infected horses that suffer from respiratory, genital, and ocular signs, EHV-2 was identified in the relevant tissues of these cases (8-10). Our previous study has showed that EHV-2 can be harboured by equine tendons (11), suggesting that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) possibly act as the source for the systemic viral dissemination. EHV-1 has been diagnosed in aborted mares in Iraq (12). Therefore, it can be assuming that EHV-2 may have a role in these infections.

There are numerous PCR techniques have been developed by targeting glycoprotein B gene; this gene is heterogenic, meanwhile, establishment of a PCR assay targeting this gene makes it restricted to a certain strain. Therefore, there is a need to develop a universal quantitative approach to detect the latent phase of infection. To achieve this, Taqman qPCR assay was developed to quantify EHV-2. This was performed by targeting a highly conserved gene known as DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene. Moreover, EHV-2 has not been quantified in Iraq which means that there is an urgent need to quantify the virus in this country. Additionally, it was found that B lymphocytes carry quiescent EHV-2 (13), suggesting that buffy coat sampling likely a suitable way to conduct the current study.

Materials and methods

Sample material and DNA processing

One hundred blood samples of healthy local horses Equus feruscaballus from different ages and sexes were obtained aseptically and collected into EDTA tubes and kept in ice until further laboratory work. These were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes. The separated buffy coats were isolated by pipetting and processed for DNA extraction using QIAamp DNA tissue and blood kit (Qiagen, 69504) according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. For cell lysing, proteinase k was added meanwhile the lysates were transferred onto the DNeasy mini spin column then spun for DNA binding. The DNA was washed and eluted by the supplied reagents and kept at -20 until further laboratory work.

Primers and probes design for Taqman qPCR

Primers and probe were designed manually including the commercial fluorescent and quencher; as following: forward primer 5’ CCA TCA AGG TCA CCT GCA AC 3’; reverse primer 5’ CCC TCT ATG TAG CGC TTG GA 3’; and probe 5’ FAM CCA GCA TGC GCC TGC CCT GG 3’ TAMRA. These to amplify a highly conserved sequence known as DPOL gene of the EHV-2 (accession number KY401163.1). As a positive control for DNA quantification accuracy and normalization, the actin beta (ACTB) gene specific for (Equus caballus) (accession number NM 001081838.1) was also amplified under the same laboratory conditions with the following primers and probe: forward 5’ AATCGTGCGTGACATCAAGG 3’; Reverse 5’ CAG CTC GTA GCT CTT CTC CA 3’; Probe 5’ VIC CCA CCG CGG CCT CCA GCT CT 3’ MGBNFQ. All the primers and probes were supplied lyophilized (applied biosystem, UK) which then diluted to working concentration of 20 pmol/ μl and kept at -20 in the dark condition until being used (14,15).

The qPCR optimal conditions

Our previous work has resulted in construction of a reference plasmid containing DPOL gene that had been cloned via 3’ adenine-overhangs into the pCR 2.0-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, UK) (11). This was called TOPO-EHV2. Similar protocol was followed for TOPO-ACTB. Herein, the both standards were measured by Qubit fluorimeter (Invitrogen, UK) meanwhile the required standard concentrations were calculated according to the following formula; Number of copies/ μl= (DNA (ng/μl) x ((6.022x10²³)/ (length x 650)) (16-18). The sensitivity of the assay was calibrated to start from 1 × 10⁷ to1 × 10⁰ copies.

The reaction mixture in a total volume 20 μl, consists of 7 μl of 2x TaqMan^® universal PCR master mix (applied biosystem, UK); the primers and probes were at concentration of 0.5 pmol/ μl. The optimal annealing temperature of primers and probes were determined in this study as 60ºC by means of gradient protocol (Opticon machine, USA). Therefore, the optimal cycling temperature profile was performed as 50ºC for 2 min as initial temperature followed by 13 min of 95ºC then 39 cycles of 95ºC for 15 sec, finally, 1 min of the optimal annealing temperature as mentioned above. The variation values of the assay’s repeatability and reproducibility were analysed by carried out five independent runs for the TOPO-EHV2 in tenfold serial dilutions, in duplicates. The quantification data was analysed by means of GraphPad prism statistical software. All these procedures were conducted according to MIQE guidelines with statistics including mean value, mean of r² and standard error of means (14,19).

Agarose gel electrophoreses

A 1.5 % of agarose gel was prepared by dissolving 1.5 g of agarose with 100 ml of 1x TAE buffer then 10 μl of fluorescent nucleic acid SYBR Safe gel stain (Invitrogen, UK) was added and mixed gently. The gel was poured into the electrophoreses tray that contains the appropriate comb and left to set 30 minutes. The DNA samples were loaded in the prepared gel cassette and electrophoresed in 1x TAE running buffer at 100 V for about 40 minutes. Finally, visualized by gel documentation (BioRad, USA).

Results

Assay validation and limit of detection

The validation of the sensitivity results for the TOPO-EHV2 calibrator are depicted in (Figure 1.1) that was generated from conducting five qPCR runs. This revealed the mean value of the coefficients of determination as 0.996 with standard error of 0.003.

The lowest mean value of the cycle threshold (Cq) was showed as 11.72±0.28 in the standard concentration of 1×10⁷ copies whereas the highest mean value exhibited as 32.09±0.15 in the standard concentration of 1×10⁷ copies. The tenfold concentration of TOPO-EHV2 was being amplified successfully as single bands 136 bp, as shown in (Figure 1.2), all concentrations were revealed without nonspecific amplicons. However, expectedly, a very faint band was determined in the lower concentrations 1×10¹ and 1×10⁰ copies).

EHV-2 quantification

The established quantitative assay was used to analyse the frequency and load of EHV-2 in DNA samples. This was carried out by designing specific primers and probes to amplify DPOL gene by an optimal protocol. This was also validated by amplifying the ACTB as an internal reference gene. Thus, all the quantification data was normalized and obtained from a similar amount of DNA template 100 ng (Figure 2). EHV-2 was detected in 33% of the tested samples, in which 22% was determined in age >5 years while the remaining percentage was in age between 2-4 years. The infection percentage in the female was 19% which was exhibited more than male as 11%.

Importantly, as can be seen in (Figure 3), viral load was found in high frequency with peak load of 6647 copies/100 ng DNA. The median viral load was quantified as 141 copies/ 100 ng DNA.

However, the minimum load was noticed as 2 copies/ 100 ng DNA. Quantifying the equine internal gene (ACTB) revealed minimum load 9575 copies / 100 ng DNA while the maximum value was 3.3×106 copies/100 ng DNA.

Figure 1: (1) Repeatability and reproducibility precisions of the standard calibrator that was employed to quantify EHV-2; (^__) indicates the mean of the Cq value generated by performing five individual qPCR experiments. Mean values were found significantly different (P < 0.05) with r²= 0.996± 0.0003 (analyzed by one-way ANOVA). (2) Gel electrophoreses (1.5 %) image shows the amplification of the tenfold serial dilution of the standard calibrator (A-H) (amplicon size= 136 bp). Abbreviation (A= 1 × 10⁷, B= 1 × 10⁶, C= 1 × 10⁵, D= 1 × 10⁴, E= 1 × 10³, F= 1 × 10², G= 1 × 10¹, and H= 1 × 10⁰ copies respectively, NTC= no template DNA as a control negative).

Discussion

PCR technique allows researchers to detect infectious agents with high sensitivity and specificity. Recently, this molecular approach has been developed significantly. Therefore, several evolutionary and epidemiological viral studies have been performed due to the merits of reliability and applicability. This occurs through detection of viral DNA in a short period of time with less laborious. Nevertheless, this technique has some limitations such as DNA contamination, poor sample preparations, and importantly heterogeneity of the targeted gene (14,20-22).

Figure 2: One qPCR experiment, as an example, shows (A) amplification curve of the assay. This was performed on serial ten-fold dilutions of the calibrator DNA. Duplicates were used for each dilution in which the Cq values were determined. These values depict the duplicates as tight and overlaid perfectly indicating low technical variability. (B) standard curve measured by Cq values that are plotted against the log of the standard calibrator. This allows us to calculate the r2 value (r²= 0.996). (C) amplification of ACTB gene as an internal genomic control gene, demonstrating highly similar amounts of template DNA 100 ng/μl. This was carried out to account the errors in the assay quantification and reaction efficiency resulted from DNA quality and contamination.

Figure 3: Quantification of the equine internal reference gene and EHV-2 loads. This statistical plot depicts a normal frequency distribution of quantifying both genes amplified from 100 ng template DNA

Our previous study has showed that EHV-2 can be harboured by equine tendons (11). Thus, the PBMCs possibly have a role in the systemic viral dissemination. Similar to other gamma herpesviruses, EHV-2 establishes latent infection efficiently for long life period of time. It was found in these cell types by Borchers et al. (23). Little is known about EHV-2 in Iraq. Therefore, quantifying this virus would be helpful for epidemiologists in order to control the disease. Additionally, it was decided to examine the equine white blood cells in order to demonstrate the quiescent EHV-2 infection. To achieve this, we established a quantitative assay using credited standard curve (calibrator).

The obtained data generated by performing five qPCR runs, to validate the standard calibrator, revealed an efficient amplification results with a sensitivity started from 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁰ copies. This was analyzed statistically and demonstrates a coefficient of determination value as 0.996± 0.003. The efficiency of the template DNA was examined by amplifying actin beta internal gene as a positive control. As can be seen in (figure 3), the quantification data showed a normal distribution value. All these data are acceptable according to the MIQE guideline (14). This allows us to use it in quantifying the frequency of EHV-2 in the latent phase of disease.

Of interest, EHV-2 was found in 33% of the tested samples in which 22% was determined in age >5 years whereas only 8% was detected in the age between 2-4 years. The infection percentage in the female was 19% which was exhibited more than male as 11%. The relationship between infection and age or gender cannot be precisely determined here because other factors likely have a role to interplay with getting the infection. Therefore, other study should be designed including demonstration of certain farming conditions with involvement of animal case history. Furthermore, vertical viral transmission must be figured out prior to perform such a study. More importantly, EHV-2 load was demonstrated in latently infected horses as it varied from 2- 6647 copies/100 ng DNA with a median value of 141 copies/ 100 ng DNA. Finding EHV-2 in buffy coat was previously achieved by Wilks and Studdert (24). Precisely, it has been reported that EHV-2 is harboured by B lymphocytes (13). Additionally, EHV-2 was detected from symptomatic and asymptomatic horses, different ages, and various organs such as respiratory, ocular, uterus, placenta, aborted foetus, blood cells, digestive tissue and tendons (3,7-11,25-28). All these findings agree with our data of identifying latent EHV-2. Our result implies that EHV-2 perhaps recruit host WBCs efficiently in order to disseminate systemically. Suggesting that choosing the buffy coat sampling is an efficient way to perform any molecular or epidemiological detection of EHV-2.

Serological diagnosis of EHV-2 infection is relatively unreliable because of the antigenic relationship with EHV-5. Therefore, a specific serological discrimination between these two viruses seems to be weak (1,29). Isolation of EHV-2 via cell culturing system is achievable. However, it needs much laboratory efforts, extensive precautions, more time consumption and costly. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted to detect EHV-2 by employing PCR approach as a highly sensitive, more convenient, and applicable technique such as (7,31-35). Nevertheless, most of these studies were being conducted through targeting the gB gene. The genetic heterogeneity in this gene has been revealed by some researchers like Lee and Lee; Radalj et al; Ataseven et al. (7,36,37). This genetic polymorphism was found in a low level though. Nevertheless, it could be associated with the age of the foals due to viral host interaction (38). Meanwhile targeting this gene for PCR is not ideal because of heterogeneity. Thus, the previously developed assays cannot be used globally due to various EHV-2 strains. Therefore, our technique was designed to amplify a highly conserved gene DPOL among all herpesviruses. This gene was being targeted to diagnose and differentiate wide range of herpesvirus species as well as investigating novel members (39,40). Therefore, it is likely to be useful in detecting different EHV-2 strains even in the latent phase of infection.

EHV-2 is distributed in horses globally. This could be due to the fact that the virus has an efficient tactics to transmit horizontally (1). The respiratory excretion seems to be the main route to spread the infection since early age (5,35).

Herein, the frequency of EHV-2 was detected in 33% which is lower than the percentage in Turkey 59% (41), Algeria 90% (42), and France 50% (28) whereas our data is comparable with those obtained by Azab et al. (43) in Egypt as the percentage was 38%. However, these studies have been performed by examination of different sample types such as respiratory or genital tissues and this could explain the discrepancies with our data. Also, the geographical and control programme or other factors possibly still reasons. Herein, we used the absolute quantification qPCR assay with an internal reference gene (standard curve). To best of our knowledge, this is the first description of EHV-2 quantification in Iraq. Moreover, finding EHV-2 in local horses could explain numerous unknown abortion cases in mares. Further study is needed to investigate the equine herpesvirus co-infection and genetic multiallelic variation of EHV-2 in Iraq. In particular, screening the genetic heterogeneity of gB sequence. Development of this technique may be helpful for the epidemiologists in order to control EHV-2 infection.

Conclusions

Equine herpesvirus-2 has a quiescent form of infection in horses in which respiratory and genital are the main symptoms during EHV-2 reactivation. Therefore, the current assay will provide a suitable strategy to demonstrate this aspect. Thus, further study is required to define the pathological role of this virus. This study concludes that the DPOL gene likely a suitable target for the molecular detection of EHV-2 not only by the qPCR but also with conventional PCR. The current results could help in EHV-2 control in the future.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my thanks to the technicians in the veterinary hospital of Al-Qadisiyah city for assisting me in collection of the blood samples. Also, the laboratory staff in the Molecular Virology/ University of Liverpool for providing the constructed plasmids as a standard calibrator to develop the currant assay. Finally, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq for supporting me financially.

Conflict of interest

The author confirms that there is no conflict of interest in conducting this scientific work.

1. This study includes development of in-house Taqman qPCR assay to detect the equine herpesvirus- 2. This was achieved by targeting DPOL as a highly conserved gene, indicating a possibility to detect the virus of different geographical areas.  
2. The results found 33% infection frequency in which the EHV-2 load reached 6647 copies/100 ng DNA while the minimum load revealed as 2 copies/100 ng DNA. The median quantification was found as 141 copies/ 100 ng DNA.
3. EHV-2 was detected in 33% of the tested samples, in which 22% was determined in age >5 years while the remaining percentage was in age between 2-4 years. The infection percentage in the female was 19% which was exhibited more than male as 11%.

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