Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Nanotechnology has proposed many new effective forms of nutritional supplement ingredients due to their low toxicity and high bioavailability, among which are nano-selenium, due to their distinctive properties of small particles and increased surface area of ​​compounds, allowing the opportunity for biological interactions. In this study, 48 laying hens, aged 47 weeks, of a rose type were used, and the experiment lasted for two months. The birds were fed two types of diets, one standard and the other a non-standard diet, represented by the use of crushed yellow corn for molting. The birds were divided into six groups 8 birds/group, with the first group receiving a standard diet, the second group receiving only yellow tops crushed, the third group receiving organic-Se 2 g/L with a standard diet, the fourth group receiving Nano-Se 0.5 ml/L with standard stalk, the fifth group receiving organic- Se with straw 2 g/L, and the sixth group receiving nano-Se with straw 0.5 ml/L. The results showed a significant rise in ovary weight, oviduct weight, number of immature and mature follicles, FSH, LH, as well as an improvement in the histological characteristics of the shell gland in the groups treated with nano and organic-Se, indicating that nano-Se plays a critical role in restoring most reproductive and histological parameters to their normal levels, close to the baseline. This study found that organic and nano-Se are crucial in improving most reproductive and physiological parameters of laying hens exposed to molting. 

This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent and time-dependent effect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) on reproduction in male rats. Following their synthesis, the physicochemical properties of MIONPs were determined. Sixty-four adult male rats, aged 90 days were randomly assigned to control (C), orally administered with distilled water, and three treated groups, orally administered with 1, 5, 10 mg/kg/day of MIONPs solution (TL, TM, and TH groups, respectively), for 28 days. Each group was allocated to two subgroups, sacrificed after 14 and 28 days of treatment. After each period, the males were weighed and sacrificed. Decreased body weight and genital organ weights were shown in TM and TH groups, at both experimental periods, compared with control in a dose-dependent manner. The serum concentration of GnRH, FSH, LH, and testosterone increased in the TL group and decreased in TM and TH groups compared with control in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. At both periods, the lowest expression levels of pituitary FSHβ and LHβ genes and testicular inh-α and LHR genes were recorded in TM and TH groups, and the highest levels were expressed in the TL group. The testis sections of TL males, showed normal architecture, but those from TM and TH groups showed degenerative and necrotic changes, reduced germinal epithelium, vacuolation, and decreased number of spermatocytes apparent. It is concluded that a low dose of MIONPS has a beneficial effect, whereas moderate or high doses have pathological effects on male reproduction.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of induced prepubertal hyperthyroidism on the reproductive functions of male rats at the pubertal stage. Hyperthyroidism was induced by supplementing thyroxin in drinking water (0.002% w/v) and drenching of 200 μg/kg body weight. Sixty immature males (aged 50 days) were allocated to control and hyperthyroid (PH) groups, administered with distilled water and thyroxin, respectively. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups, sacrificed after 15 days (C15 and PH15), after administration for 15 days and left without treatment for 15 days (C15+ and PH15+), or after 30 days (C30 and PH30). After each period, body weight and relative weight of genital organs were recorded. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxin (TT4), triiodothyronine (TT3), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone was assessed. The expression levels of testicular inha and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) genes were analyzed. Histopathological examination of testis was studied. Compared with control, PH group male rats showed decreased body weight gain and genital organ weights at all experimental periods, increased levels of serum TT4, TT3, and LH, decreased levels of TSH, FSH, and testosterone, and lower expression levels of testicular inha and THR genes. Testicular sections of PH group male rats, showed reduced germinal epithelium, vacuolation, and decreased the number of spermatocytes and Sertoli cells compared with control. In conclusion, the disturbed fluctuations of sex steroid hormones due to prepubertal hyperthyroidism might cause retardation of the testes’ development. 

The aim of study is to reduce hepatic damage from paracetamol will be funded using alcohol extract for ginger and vitamin E as antioxidants in male New Zealand rabbits. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug which is known to cause liver injuries in both humans and experimental animals when administered in overdose. The current study was conducted at the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University to detect certain side effects developed with the use of the drug paracetamol, some physiological values resulting from liver damage through the use of 40 male New Zealand rabbits aged 5-7 months, randomly divided into four equal groups, including: The control group were given the normal physiological solution and the second group were given the paracetamol drug was given orally 400 mg/kg per rabbit while the third group was given vitamin e 50 mg/kg body weight as well as 400 mg/kg of the paracetamol drug was given orally. The fourth group was dosed with ginger alcoholic extract of 150 mg/kg body weight, which was given 400 mg/kg of the paracetamol drug was given orally. The study's findings demonstrated a significant decrease in the levels of catalase (CAT), super oxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in the treatment with a paracetamol drug compared to the control group, as well as a significant increase in the levels of liver enzymes and malondialdehyde. The study's results also found a significant decline in the levels of liver enzymes and malondialdehyde while revealing a significant increase in the levels of CAT, SOD and GSH in 3^rd and 4^th group compared to 2^nd group. From the aforementioned findings, it can be concluded that vitamin e and ginger alcohol extract both reduce the unfavorable and harmful effects in some physiological parameters coming from liver damage caused by Paracetamol drug usage.

This study was conducted with three hundred one-day-aged broiler chicks (Ross 308) to determine the impact of adding two different doses of zinc sulfate to drinking water on the physiological traits of broilers. At first, 300 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three groups. They were reared in floor cages until they were 42 days old, as follows: The 1^st group (control group) was given drinking water without any additives. The 2^nd and 3^rd groups were given drinking water fortified with 20 and 40 mg of zinc sulfate/L of water, respectively. The results showed that the zinc sulfate significantly improved the hematological traits and the level of high-density lipoproteins, reducing triglycerides. In contrast, total serum protein and albumin levels were significantly increased. Globulin was significantly enhanced when the dose was given at 40 mg/L of water. Also, zinc sulfate improved the antioxidant status, as it significantly raised the level of glutathione. In contrast, the corticosterone hormone level and aspartate aminotransferase activity were significantly decreased. The addition of zinc sulfate did not affect the levels of leptin and insulin-like growth factor. In conclusion, zinc sulfate enhanced most physiological parameters and maintained the other biochemical parameters within normal healthy values.

This research aims to investigate if ginseng may aid in the reduction of the harmful influence of heatstress on the male reproductive system and the level of heat shock protein70. Eighty mature quails were randomly distributed to four equal groups: the control one reared under normal temperature, the heat-stressed group reared under the temperature of 39±1°C for 4 hrs/day, the heat-stressed group treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet, and a group reared under normal temperature and treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet. The results showed a significant decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total antioxidant capacity, body weight, testis weight, the total number of sperm, and percentage of living sperm, accompanied by a significant increase in MCV, MCHC, heterophil, H/L ratio, heat shock protein70, percentage of dead and malformed sperm in quails exposed to heat stress compared with control. Dietary supplementation of ginseng to birdsexposed to heat stress significantly increased the studiedparameters in comparison to the group under stress. While, the addition of the nutritional supplement ginseng alone led to a significant increase in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, TAC, low percentage of monocytes, H/L ratio, and heat shock protein70, compared to the control. We conclude that the administration of ginseng as a diet additive can ameliorate the effects caused by heat stress in quail, which is attributed to the antioxidant effect of Panax ginseng and its ability for scavenging free radicals.

This research aimed to assess the genetic polymorphism of the BMP15 gene concerning sex hormone levels and birth type in Awassi ewes. The genome DNA of 138 Awassi ewes was isolated (52 ewes produced a singleton and 86 produced twins). The BMP15 gene exon-2 was amplifiable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), so two genotypes were identified based on 141 bp amplicons: TT and TA. A sequencing reaction revealed a novel mutation, c.50980646T>A, in the TA genotype. This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed a high association (P≤0.01) with sex hormone levels and litter size, sheep containing this SNP had higher levels of sex hormones and larger litter sizes than sheep without it. Ewes with the TA genotype had a 1.89 litter size than their TT counterparts. Logistic regression confirmed that the c.50980646T>A SNP increased litter size. In conclusion, the c.50980646T>A SNP appears to be significantly related to reproductive traits (especially sex hormone levels and litter size) in Awassi sheep. With these results, mutations of the BMP15 gene are suitable for developing marker-assisted selection programs to increase Awassi sheep litter size. 

In the current study, crude flavonoid extract ofMatricaria chamomilla L. (MC) was used to evaluate anticonvulsant, and antioxidant activities on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsion in chicks. The biochemical estimation was done by measuring brain tissue neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA and glutamate), oxidative stress biomarkers in serum (catalase CAT, glutathione reductase GR, malondialdehyde MDA, and 8-isoprostane), serum electrolytes (potassium Ka⁺, sodium Na⁺, chloride Cl^-, ionized calcium iCa²⁺, total calcium TCa²⁺), pH of serum, and glucose level in serum. Seventy-two broiler chicks (2 weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (n=12): The first group (negative control) received the normal saline subcutaneous injection, the second group (positive control) received PTZ 90 mg/kg subcutaneous injection, and the third group treated with sodium valproate (SV) 200mg/kg orally. The fourth, fifth and sixth groups treated with 20, 40, 80 mg/kg of crude flavonoid extract of MC respectively orally for six days before PTZ injection. Thirty minutes post-treatment of the last dose, the chicks in the (third to sixth) groups received PTZ. The results showed that the crude flavonoid extract of MC attenuated the convulsion signs and mortality dose-dependently. The pretreated crude flavonoid extract at the dose of 80mg/kg showed a significant increase in the serum level of Na⁺ and iCa²⁺, and a decrease in 8-isoprostane. In conclusion: the crude flavonoid extract of MC 80mg/kg possesses mild to moderate anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects.

The study aimed to investigate the potential effect of resveratrol (RS) supplementation in attenuating kidney injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in male rats. Forty adult male rats were randomly assigned into four groups (10 each). The control group was orally supplemented with distilled water, and group G1 was orally supplemented with tap water containing 0.5% of H₂O₂, G2: was orally supplemented with tap water containing 0.5% of H₂O₂ and RS 87 mg/kg BW, and G3 was orally supplemented with RS 87 mg/kg BW. Blood samples were obtained before treatment and after 45 days of daily treatment. Serum concentrations of creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (UN), and total bilirubin were assessed. On day 45, male rats were euthanized, and kidney samples were taken to estimate malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, and other samples were obtained for histopathological examination. The results showed a significant increase in creatinine and BUN concentrations accompanied by a significant increase in MDA and a decrease in SOD in kidney tissue in G1 group male rats compared to other groups. Resveratrol partially restored the studied criteria related to renal functions by modulating the histopathological changes in the kidney induced by hydrogen peroxide. It could be concluded that supplementation of resveratrol to oxidatively stressed rats maintains the antioxidant defenses mechanism and could be helpful in the prevention of renal oxidative stress.

Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) is manufactured from a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, and is widely used in poultry feed as a phenolic free radical scavenger. The current search investigated the impact of different doses of BHA on some hematological and hormonal features of broiler. Fifty-four one-day-old birds were utilized in this study randomly divided into three groups, the control group was given a standard ratio, the 2^ed group was given a standard diet filled up with BHA at a rate of 2.5 mg/kg feed, and the 3^rd group was given a standard ration fill up with BHA at a rate of 5 mg/kg feed by 18 birds/group, each with three replicates (6 birds/ repeated cycle). The study included three age stages (15, 30, and 45) days. The results showed a significant rise in RBC, WBC, lymphocytes, MCH, SOD, and CAT for the two groups of BHA during 30 and 45 days of treatment compared with the control with a significant improvement in the stress index, as well as a significant decrease in MCV during the three periods of treatment. Supplementation with BHA in both doses caused a significant rise in T3 and T4 during 45 days of the study compared with the control group. We deduce from this research that adding BHA to the poultry diets improved physiological and hormonal characteristics due to its ability to scavenge free radicals. It promotes significant health and growth.

The current study examined the association of thyroid disorders with reproductive dysfunction by determining its effect on gonadotropin secretion in cyclic female rats. Sixty cyclic females were assigned to three groups (20 each) and supplemented, for 30 days plus two consequent estrous cycles, with drinking water (control), methimazole in drinking water (0.02% w/v) (hypothyroid group), and thyroxine in drinking water (0.002% w/v) and gastric gavage of 200 μg/kg body weight (hyperthyroid group). At late proestrus, ten females from each group (for each cycle) were anesthetized and dissected. Blood samples were obtained to assess thyroid-stimulating hormone, free and total triiodothyronine, free and total thyroxin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin concentrations. Ovarian and pituitary tissue samples were obtained for molecular analysis of ovarian thyroid receptor genes and pituitary TSH, FSHβ, and LHβ genes. In comparison with control, the Hypo group revealed increased serum concentrations of TSH and PRL and the expression levels of pituitary TSH and ovarian TRsTRs genes and significant decrease of FT3, TT3, FT4, TT4, FSH, and LHLH concentrations and the expression levels of pituitary FSHβ and LHβ genes. In contrast, the Hyper group showed increased serum FT3, TT3, FT4, TT4, and LHLH concentrations and the expression levels of pituitary LHβ and ovarian TRsTRs genes and decreased serum TSH FSH and PRL concentrations and pituitary FSHβ and TSH gene expression levels. It is concluded that thyroid dysfunction is associated with altered serum gonadotropin secretion and reproductive failure. 

This work was aimed to explore the details of the ion channels gating and there physiological role in sperm in the future.Mouse spermatozoa express a pH-dependent K+ current (KSper) thought to induce hyperpolarization to enhance Ca2+ influx via alkaline-activated calcium channel (Catsper) to initial a so-called sperm capacitation by NH4Cl during travelling in female genital tract for fertilization. However, the regulating mechanism of the Ksper and Catsper channels by membrane potential and pHi remains uncertain, because the complexities of two channel kinetics in sperms is hardly to be overcame at this stage. Here we show that difference of the intracellular [Ca2+]i between the wild type (Wt) and knockout (KO) Ksper (or Slo3/) mice in the application of the Slo3 blockers, Guinidine (QD) and Clofilium, and NH4Cl, indicating that Ksper channels, encoding Slo3 gene, dominates the membrane potential of mouse sperms to increase the intracellular [Ca2+]i and [pH]i during the capacitation process to play a vital role in fertility. Furthermore, a HH model sperm built directly with the native Ksper and Catsper currents in sperms reveals two functions of membrane potential and intracellular pHi, allowing us to calculate the intracellular pHi by NH4Cl, based on membrane potentials recording from current-clamp experiments. During modeling, we found a caton channel with Vrev= +20 mV in mouse sperm from the double-KO (i.e. Catsper-/- and Ksper-/-) mice, which is definitely necessary for a model able to match the data.

Sodium benzoate SB is a white powder, used as preservative and food additive. Biochemical, physiological and histopathological effects of SB been tested in adult male rats. Twenty-four adult albino male rats aged100 day and weighted 250-350 g were used. Animals were divided into 4 groups. The first group considered as control, which received normal saline orally, other groups treated with SB by 300, 400, 500 mg/Kg of body weight respectively for 30 days. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected from retro orbital sinus. Heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and brain were obtained for weight recording. The results indicated a significant decrease of super oxide dismutase SOD activity and a significant increase of nitric oxide NO level of treated group 500 mg/Kg of body weight. Moreover, findings revealed that there are no significant changes in growth hormone GH activity and body weight. A significant reduction of heart weight of treated group 500 mg/Kg of body weight were observed. The histopathological changes ranged from mild to severe in the brain cortex, as focal gliosis, satellitosis, mild vacuolation and vasogenic edema in treated groups with SB by different doses. Also, some changes were observed in liver represented by congestion of portal vein, mild hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, stenosis of sinusoids, steatosis and necrosis of hepatocytes in treated groups with SB compared to control group. It concluded that short-term exposure to high doses of SB may be considered an oxidant substance that caused oxidative stress. Furthermore, SB can harm various organs in the body. 

This study was conducted to qualify the ameliorating potency of silymarin against toxicity in ethidium bromide (EtBr) treated female rats. Eighty female Wistar rats aged 100 days, weighted 170-175 g were randomly allocated to control, orally supplemented with drinking water, and three treated groups, orally supplemented with silymarin 200 mg/kg BW, EtBr 10 mg/kg BW, and combination of EtBr and silymarin (SEtBr), respectively. Each group was allocated to two subgroups, sacrificed after 20 and 40 days of treatment. Bodyweight gain, uteri, and ovaries weight were recorded. Ovarian samples were obtained for histopathological examination. EtBr group females recorded the lowest body weight gain, relative weights of ovaries and uteri, and ovarian follicle number, whereas S group females recorded the highest body weight gain and follicular number, while the ovaries and uteri weights were either higher or close to the control group, at both experimental periods. Histopathological findings of both periods revealed necrosis, cirrhosis, ischemia, and prominent hemorrhage in the blood capillaries in EtBr treated ovarian tissues, but many of the ovarian follicles being mature and the atretic follicles were hence found to be high in number, whereas silymarin treated females showed normal ovarian tissues and viable ovarian follicles as that in control females. The combination-treated females, at 20 days, revealed necrotic primary ovarian follicles with some macrophages infiltration, whereas 40 days’ period showed normal ovarian cortex, medulla, and ovarian follicles. In conclusion, silymarin treatment in combination with EtBr has a potent amelioration effect against ovarian toxicity, in a duration-dependent manner.

The study included 70 local buffalo animals (between six months and two years), 50 buffalo were confirmed to be infected with gastrointestinal worms and 20 were considering as a control group. The results of the feces tests showed that local buffalo was infected with different types of worms. It was observed that worm incidence was as follows: 85% Nematodes, 10% Cestode and 5% Trematode. The results of the study showed a significant decrease in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total number of platelets, and significant increase was observed in the total number of white blood cells and was most likely caused by a significant increase in the rates of eosinophil's. Also the results showed that the effect of worms on some biochemical parameters was significant decrease in total protein concentration, albumin, and globulin. So, it could be concluding that buffalo spread in the city of Samarra suffers from parasitic diseases that affect the health of animals, through change the study criteria, so a therapeutic program must be adopted by cattle breeders to control parasitic diseases and thus improve the health and production of animals.

This study was aimed to determine the influence of Oregostem^® and imbalance diet on body performance, hematology and spermatogenesis of male quails. A total of 160 birds have been distributed into four groups (40 birds) each with 2 replicates starting at 12 weeks of age, the four treatments includes:(G1) was fed on balanced diet only. (G2) was received a balanced diet with Oregostem^® with drinking water. While G3 was fed on imbalance diet (ground yellow corn) and G4 received imbalance diet with Oregostem^®. The parameters including body performance, reproduction, blood and biochemical Figure and histology of testes were measured at 4^th and 8^th weeks from beginning of treatment. The results showed that the supplementation of Oregostem^® caused a significant increase in body and right testis weight, gonadosomatic index, sperm count as well as live sperm in G2 relative to other groups at 4^th and 8^th weeks post treatment. In G3, WBC and lymphocytes decrease significantly with increasing hetrophils percentage and stress index at 4^th and 8^th weeks post treatment. Also there was a significant decrease of cholesterol with an increase of total protein and creatine kinase in G3 at 8^th week of treatment. While the groups treated with Oregostem^® did not differ from control group. This study concluded that liquid form of Oregostem^® had a positive effect on body weight, sperm count with improvement hematological and biochemical parameters of the male quails.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of propolis-iron oxide nanoparticles in eliminating the T. evansi parasite and rehome stasis of deleterious iron status in experimentally infected rabbits. Twenty male rabbits were divided into equal four groups (n=5). the 1^st group as Control negative, 2^nd control positive, 3^rd trypanosomiasis and treated with propolis iron oxide nanoparticles, and 4^th trypanosomiasis and treated with diminazene,2^nd ,3^rd, and 4^th groups were inoculated with T. evansi, and were checked for the onset of parasitemia. After 15 of the onset of parasitemia 3^rd group was treated with propolis- iron-oxide nanoparticles 30 mg iron /kg BW, and 4^th group was treated with diminazene drug with a single dose 3.5 mg/kg BW. The result showed that experimentally infection with T. evansi caused a significant decrease of serum iron and ferritin and a significant increase in total iron-binding capacity and unsaturation iron-binding capacity, as well erythrocytes fragility, bilirubin totally and partially. Treatment with propolis-iron oxide nanoparticles improved iron status parameters to semi-normal values much better than diminazene drug, in addition, reduced the total bilirubin concentration and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes toward a normal state. It can be concluded that the propolis-iron oxide nanoparticles proved successfully rebalancing iron status and eliminating the parasite and making iron available. 

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of vitamin on young rats whose mothers exposed to 1% hydrogen peroxide in drinking water during the lactation period on the function of the nervous system. The study consisted of three groups, Control group, hydrogen peroxide group, vitamin C with hydrogen peroxide group, showed that treatment with hydrogen peroxide for mothers led to significant decrease in the weights of young-rats-age21 days and significant increase in the righting reflex test, cliff avoidance and the olfactory discrimination test in young rats at age of week and also in the onset movement test and at the time of negative geotaxis test in-young-rats age21days. Treatment of mothers with hydrogen peroxide caused significant decrease in open-field activity and number of times standing on backlists during 3minutes and in the approach response, touch and sound of young rats at age 21 days. While, hydrogen peroxide treated group resulted in significant increase in time of negative geotaxis test and hydrogen peroxide had no effect on response of tail pinch as compared to other groups. When treating mothers with vitamin C significant increase in weights of youngsters age21days, as well as in onset of movement test and in number of squares cutoff within 3minutes in open-field activity and number of times standing on backlists during 3minutes in young-rats age 21 days. Also there was significant decrease in righting reflex test, olfactory distinction and negative geotaxis test compared to hydrogen peroxide treated group. It was concluded from the study that vitamin C plays an important role as an antioxidant by improving the nervous system function in young rats their mothers exposed to with hydrogen peroxide in drinking water.

This experiment was designed to determine the influence of various white light intensities on spermatogenesis, hematology and growth performance of male quail. A total of 80 birds of one day aged had been assigned to four equal groups: G1 control group was kept under natural light program 12h light:12h dark. G2, G3, G4 were exposed to artificial white light emitting diodes at 0.6, 45 and 25 Lux for 5 hours daily for 8 weeks starting at 14 days of age. The result showed that the application of Lux 0.6, 45 and 25 caused a significant increase in heart weight relative to control. Lux 0.6 led to decrease in total body weight, left testis weight and foam weight. The result revealed that exposure to 0.6 Lux caused significant decrease in sperm count and live sperm percentage and increase in dead sperm percentage. Program of 25 Lux generated a significant increase in RBC counts compared to 0.6 Lux. Exposure to 45 Lux and 25 Lux triggers a significant increase in PCV and hemoglobin concentrations. Exposures to 0.6 Lux and 25 Lux resulted in a significant increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, while apply to program 0.6 Lux cause increase in stress index. The best feed conversion ratio was detected in normal daylight, 0.6 Lux and 25 Lux respectively. In conclusion, exposure of male quails to different intensities of white LED bulb had an effect on the some physiological and reproductive parameters.

The current work aimed to study the normal values of some hematological and biochemical criteria of local quail and the effect of the breed, sex, and age on them. Two hundred quail (100 birds belong to each of white and light brown feathers local breeds), they were randomly distributed at 1st-day-age into 5 replicates, 20 birds/ replicate for each breed, and the study continued till the age 84 days. The results of the current study had revealed that the breed and the age, each alone did not significantly affect the physiological and biochemical parameters in this study, whereas the sex factor affects significantly most of the study parameters. The males were highly significant as compared to the females in the following parameter values: red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, monocytes%, basophils%, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase activity. While the females were significantly higher to the males in mean corpuscular volume, lymphocytes%, triglycerides, total protein, globulin, and alanine aminotransferase activity. In conclusion, the sex of the bird alone and its interaction with breed and age had the greatest impact on the hematological traits.

This study was conducted to determine the genetic variation of the prolactin (PRL) gene in 5' flanking region and its role with several reproductive traits in Awassi sheep. One-hundred six Iraqi sexually mature and healthy Awassi ewes that aged between 2 and 2.5 years were included in this study. Ewes were classified into two the main divisions: ewes producing twins and ewes producing single offspring. Two genotypes (AA and AT) were observed in Awassi sheep. While genotype AA was detected in Awassi ewes that produced twins, genotype AT was detected in ewes that produced a single offspring. The sequencing reactions identified nine SNPs in the prolactin gene at the 5′ flanking region in Awassi sheep, differing from the prolactin reference sequence (GenBank accession number X16641.1). Genotype AT possessed one single nucleotide polymorphism SNP substitute comparison with the AA genotype in Awassi ewes. The association analysis revealed that the AA genotype is characterized by significantly higher levels of the progesterone concentration, twinning ratio, fecundity, and prolificacy than the AT genotype. In conclusion, a new SNP (g.1209 A>T) was discovered within the ovine flanking region which potentially influences prolactin gene expression. These results showed that the genotype AA associated with high prolificacy of Awassi sheep may be used as a selection criterion for improving the reproductive performance of Iraqi Awassi sheep.

Sheep possess desirable characteristics for farmers such as resistance to disease, good acclimation to environmental fluctuations, and endurance to extreme weather. This may, in part, be due to hematology characteristics and various types of hemoglobin that interact differently to external changes; displaying various reproductive ability in certain environmental conditions. This review aims to investigate the effect of hematology parameters and hemoglobin types on the adaptation and reproductive performance of sheep. Hematological parameters are useful tools for the detection of adaptation and physiological traits of these animals. The reproduction of sheep has depended on the ability of each type and breed to acclimate to different environmental conditions. In addition, hemoglobin types have also been correlated with the environmental adaptability and physiological traits of sheep. Thus, the present review provides useful information on the association of hematology parameters and hemoglobin types in sheep with adaptation and reproductive performance, and could be used as vital tools that help in determining the species or breed of sheep that are more adapted to certain environments or have more reproductive potential.

The current study was conducted to investigate the role of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) against testicular toxicity- induced by lead acetate (PbAc) in rats. Four groups of adult Wistar albino rats (8 for each) were intubated daily for 56 days as follows; control (C)received dislled water; lead acetate at dose of 5mg/kg b.w (T1); ALA at dose of 60mg/kg b.w (T2) and and group T3 received both of PbAc + ALA at the same doses of above. Blood samples were collected at 0, 28 and 56 day of the experiment, then the sera were collected for determination of testosterone(T) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH). At the end of the experiment, body weight, testes weight and epididymal sperm parameters was studied. Furthermore, histo-morphometric and histopathological study changes were examined. The results revealed a significant decrease in testes weight to body weight ratio, serum testosterone, sperm concentration and motility, diameters of seminiferous tubules, height of seminiferous epithelia and number of Leydig cells, moreover the results showed a significant increase in serum FSH, dead sperm and abnormal sperm morphology in group T1 when compared with the other groups. Comparing to lead acetate treated rats, group T3 showed an improvement at the level of the studied parameters, accompanied with mild congestion in the interstitial tissue with a marked developing proliferation of spermatogenic cells, as well as presence of mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules. In conclusion, subchronic exposure of rats to lead acetate showed an amelioration of all reproductive parameters near to normal values due to the antioxidant effects of ALA and the histological changes of the testes confirmed such change in serum parameters and the beneficial role of ALA.

Exposure to LTE 2600 MHz microwaves is increasing very fast as new technologies and become accessible worldwide, and the smartphones being the main source of these waves. The aim of this study is to assess the thermal effect of 4G signals on rats. Forty adult Albino rats were used throughout the study, assigned as control and exposed groups, equally. Rats were kept in Plexiglas cages with intermittent exposure to LTE mobile-phone like signals at an average of 2h/day for up to 30 continuous days with SAR value of 0.982 W/kg. Infrared images were snapped immediately after the end of the exposure time, then one hour, two hours, and four hours later at a rate one collection/week during the study. IR images were analyzed by FLIR Tools software. The results exhibited variation in reflected skin temperatures in the exposed group compared to control images. Furthermore, the analysis of collected data revealed significant variations over the course of the study compared to the first week. The rise in skin temperature observed in response to exposure in the first week, which decreased gradually increased exposure and this drop in reflected skin temperature was significantly related to amount of exposure. The study concludes that the LTE 2600 MHz exposure under controlled laboratory conditions has a thermal effect on the rats.

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the high level of thyroxine affects on each of the luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of rats and to estimate the potential effect of the administration of aqueous rosemary extract and propylthiouracil against testicular toxicity induced by levothyroxine in male rats. Negative control group rats were treated with distilled water. Three groups of male rats were treated subcutaneously with 0.5 mg/kg levothyroxine for 12 days: Since day 13^th to the 24^th day of the experiment first group was regarded as a positive control group that received distilled water, the second group was given propylthiouracil at a dose level of 10 mg/kg b.wt, and the third was given aqueous extracts of rosemary 10 mg/kg b.wt. The results revealed that treatment with aqueous extract of rosemary lead to a significant decrease in the levels of serum testosterone while a highly significant decrease in testosterone, FSH, and LH levels in serum revealed after treatment with propylthiouracil. Thus, it can be concluded that the effect of propylthiouracil and rosemary aqueous extract resulted in dialectical hormonal results in which the favor was to propylthiouracil.

The present study was aimed to record and analyze the prevalence of obstructive urolithiasis in domestic animals like cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, sheep, dog and cat presented at RVP-TVCC, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. A total of 777 cases were reported during the academic session starting from April 2018 to March 2019 from Bareilly and its surrounding regions. Incidence were highest among ruminants 92.92% comparing to other domestic animals 7.08%. Among the different animal species, caprine were found to be the most affected, followed by buffalo and canine. A positive correlation was noted between the occurrence of obstructive urolithiasis and the season with maximum number of cases being reported during the winter season December - February. The female to male ratios in urolithiasis affected animals were 1:81, 1:75 and 1:22 for buffalo, goat, and dog, respectively indicating higher occurrence in male animals. Majority of the goat 67.89% and buffalo 84.80% presented with obstructive urolithiasis were also found to be fed exclusively with a grain rich diet that are excess in phosphorous thereby contributing to urolith formation. The role played by behavioral changes associated with different seasons and the dietary status of the animal plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of urolithiasis. Such an interplay between the season and the dietary imbalance will lead to higher incidence of obstructive urolithiasis in domestic animals.

The aim of this was to elucidate the effects of deltamethrin dipping on acetylcholine activity in serum and some blood parameters of sheep. The study was conducted on forty adult sheep dipped in deltamethrin in concentration of 1:1000L of water. Venous blood samples were collected from each animal before and after dipped. There was significant inhibition in the acetylcholine esterase in all subjected animals after dipping. Mean values of hematological investigations showed a significant rise in the number of total leucocytes (leukocytosis) with significant decline in hemoglobin concentration and Red cell indices in all dipped animals after dipping in deltamethrin when compared with mean values obtained from the same animals before dipping. Conclusion of our results revealed that poisoning with deltamethrin affects blood parameters through the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase.

This study aimed at detecting the effects of COQ10 with and without vitamin E on some semen characteristics of the broiler breeder males. Twenty-five males at 43weeks of age divided into five categories of treatment with five replicates. The first treatment (control group) included drenching with corn oil capsules only. The second and fourth treatments were about drenching with capsules containing the COQ10 enzyme at a concentration of 5 mg / male / day with and without10 mg of vitamin E whereas the third and fifth treatments included drenching with capsules containing the Q10 enzyme at a concentration of 10 mg / male / day with and without 10 mg of vitamin E. This whole scheme of treatments was to study their effects on certain semen and seminal plasma properties. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the ejaculation volume, both individual and mass motility in addition to sperm concentration, all accrediting the fifth treatment. Furthermore, the results clear a significant decrease in the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms. The COQ10 with and without vitamin E led to improved semen quality marking a reduction in AST and ALT, glucose concentration and total protein with improved antioxidant status referring to a high level of GSH and low MDA. We conclude from this study that COQ10 with and without vitamin E has the ability to improve the semen characteristics of age-old broiler breeder males and can improve the status of antioxidants in semen.

This study was carried out during the period from February-April 2019 at a private breeding field. A total of 82 imported calves for fattening 9-12 month of age. These calves were divided randomly into 3 groups and treated for 90 days as follows: G1 (27 calves) supplied with basal diet only and considered as the control group, Calves of G2 (27 calves) of were supplied with basal diet complemented with RPM in complete feed using 15 g/animal/day, while G3 (28 calves) was supplied with basal diet complemented with RPL with 10g/animal/day. The results showed a significant increase in growth hormone value in the G2 in comparison with G1 and G3 at 90-day post-treatment. While the mean values of body weight were (310.8±12.97) and (334.3±15.41) in G2 at 60 and 90 days respectively with significance deference in compare with G1and G3 (p≤ 0.05). The significant increase in red blood cells count (RBCs) showed in G2, while the White Blood Cells (WBCs) increased in G1 when compare between groups. In addition, the results showed a significant increase (p< 0.05) in cholesterol and triglycerides values in G2 in compare with G1 and G3. While no significant changes in total protein values revealed between groups. The results of this study confirmed that supplementation of RPM has the potential to improve body weight in fattening calves with the enhancement of the immune status of animals and enhancement of oxygen flow to the tissues by increasing of RBCs counts especially with RPM, but lasser effects with RPL.

Inhibins are important ovarian hormones that control the action of the pituitary gonadotropins which regulate the ovarian cycle. The present experiment aims to study the role of steroid-free follicular fluid-antibodies (S-FBFF-ab) on the reproductive hormone levels at estrus and metestrus phases in cycling female rats. Follicular fluid was collected from mature ovarian follicles, centrifuged and treatment with activated charcoal. S-FBFF was isolated and used for immunization of adult male rabbits. After 5 injections, blood was withdrawn for separation of S-FBFF-ab. Eighty mature female rats were assigned into control and treatment groups (40 each). At late metestrus phase, females of the control were injected intra-peritoneally with 100 μL of physiological saline, whereas treated females were injected intra-peritoneally with 100 μL of S-FBFF-ab. At early estrus and early metestrus phases of each estrous cycle, serum concentrations of inhibin-B, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), and prolactin (PRL) were estimated. The results revealed that S-FBFF-ab has inhibin immuno-neutralization effect, which caused elevation in the concentrations of serum FSH and E2, and significant decline of serum PRL and inhibin-B, at early estrus, whereas significant elevation of E2 and PRL, and significant decline of serum FSH, at early metestrus. Furthermore, the results of gene expression revealed a significant elevation of ovarian aromatase gene at both early estrus and early metestrus phases, whereas pituitary PRL gene showed significant decline at early estrus phase and significant elevation at early metestrus phase. In conclusion, passive immunization against S-FBFF could augment the reproductive efficiency through increase reproductive endocrine activity.

The goal of the current investigation is to study the effect of vitamin C and acetylsalicylic acid in minimizing the effects of heat stress in terms of hematological values, growth hormone, HSP70 and glutathione. Broiler were randomly distributed into four groups: 1^st group was served as the control, the 2^nd group subjected to heat stress 40±2 ºC up to 4 hours/day, the 3^rd group was subjected to heat stress and vitamin C 360 mg/L via drinking water and the 4^th group was exposed to heat stress and acetylsalicylic acid 0.03% via drinking water. The result showed that exposure to heat stress decline in RBCs count, Hb concentration, PCV and percentage of lymphocyte, furthermore elevation in of MCV, heterophils, H/L ratio, and Hsp70 concentration. Administration of vitamin C caused a significant rise RBCs, percentage of lymphocyte and reduces in MCV, MCH value, percentage of heterophils and H/L ratio compared with the heat stress group. Administrations of acetylsalicylic acid were significantly increased the RBCs, and PCV and decrease in MCV, MCH, MCHC values, and H/L ratio compare with the heat stress group. The results did not show a significant change between the tested groups in the levels of glutathione and growth hormone. The study concluded that Vitamin C and acetylsalicylic acid administration as feed additive ameliorating the opposing effect caused by heat stress in the broiler; thus, its administration recommends when there is heat stress exposure.

Evaluates the neurobehavioral effects were resulted from dosing of sodium nitrate in mice. Mice were divided into 5 equal groups, the first group; control group was fed from concentrated feed (Barley, Wheat, Soybeans, Corn and Bran), the second group was added 0.2% sodium nitrate and the third group was added 0.2% sodium nitrate with 0.4% ascorbic acid, fourth group was added sodium nitrate 0.4% alone and the fifth group was added 0.4% sodium nitrate with 0.8% of ascorbic acid for five weeks. Sodium nitrate did not produce clear signs of toxicity, but a significant decrease in motor activity and standing on the hind legs (rearing) was observed in the open-field activity test, where the lowest level was reached in the fourth week of treatment, and these declines returned gradually to reach the control group level values at the end of the study period. Sodium nitrate was significantly delayed at the time of the negative geotaxis test at a 45 ° while returning to the control level in the fifth week, also showed that there was a significant increase in body weight compared to pre-treatment value. In this study 0.8% of ascorbic acid with 0.4% sodium nitrate in group 5 showed differed significantly with 0.4% sodium nitrate only in group 4, that means the ascorbic acid give a beneficial result when used for remedy of nitrate toxicity.

The current study aims to investigate the role of steroid-free follicular fluid antiserum on ovaries morphometric growth and development in virgin female rats at two sequential estrous cycles. Bovine follicular fluid aspired from graafian follicles, steroids were removed by treatment with activated charcoal, in order to obtained steroid-free bovine follicular fluid (S-FBFF) which was used for immunization of male rabbits to prepare S-FBFF antiserum (S-FBFF-ab). Sixty virgin female rats were assigned into control and treatment groups (30 each), intraperitoneal injected with a single dose of distilled water 100µl/rat and S-FBFF-ab 100µl/rat at late metestrus, respectively. At the estrus phase of the first and second estrous cycle, 15 females from each group of each cycle were anesthetized and ovarian samples were obtained for histological examination. In comparison with control, the results of S-FBFF-ab treated female rats revealed a significant increase of relative ovaries and uteri weights at both estrous cycles. Morphometric examination showed progressive ovarian proliferation at the first estrus phase in S-FBFF-ab treated female rats through elevation of the number of primaries, graafian, and total follicles. In conclusion, passive immunization against endogenous inhibin using S-FBFF-ab could augment the reproductive fecundity through increase ovarian growth and development.

This research was planned to verify the influence of saponin, that extracted from Glycyrrihiza glabra in activity of hepatic enzymes and some biochemical parameters of serum ovariectomized adult female rats. 15 adult female rats were randomly divided into three groups, which included sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (ovx), and ovariectomized rats treated orally with (250 mg/kg/day) of saponin extract for (25) days. The results revealed, that ovx rats showed a significant elevation in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Calcium level, a significant reduction in activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate amino transferase (AST), γ-Glutamyl transferase (GGT), and level of albumin, creatinine without any significant change in alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity and magnesium level comparison with sham -operated rats. Treatment ovx rats with 250 mg/kg of saponin caused a significant reduction in ALT and CK activities, and elevation in albumin and creatinine levels, and AST, GGT activities. In conclusion, the present results revealed that, saponin extracted of Glycyrrihiza glabra have an effect in hepatic enzyme activity and some biochemical parameters in ovariectomized female rats with osteoporosis results from reduction in estrogen level.

Prosopis farctais belonged to Mimosaceae family, commonly known as mesquite. It was chosen to investigate their effect on α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (in-vitro), serum glucose and liver functions. Roots, fruits, and leaves of P. farcta, were extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. α-glucosidase inhibition was analyzed by using ELISA technique then half maximal inhibitory concentration IC₅₀ was found. The blood glucose levels were determined with a glucose analyzer model. The serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum total bilirubin (TB) were estimated by using the Cobas diagnostic kit with a fully automated chemical analyzer. Diabetes was done by a single dose of 120 mg alloxan/kg b.w with subcutaneously injection. Ethyl acetate extracts of P. farcta showed the higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and the best one was root extract. Treatments of the alloxan-induced diabetes rats were done by daily oral administration of different concentrations with P. farcta extracts of ethyl acetate for 28 days and the dose 200 mg/kg BW was the effective one. The root extract was the best one for reduction of serum glucose followed by leaves then fruits. Administration of root extract of P. farcta showed a decrease in the levels of ALP and TB in alloxan-induced diabetes rats. The fruit extract of P. farcta showed decreasing in the level of ALP in alloxan-induced diabetes rats. In conclusion, the P. farcta extracts for ethyl acetate have properties of hypoglycemic effect as well as improving some parameters related with diabetic complications of liver functions.

The current study aimed to determine some positive prophylactic effects of sweet almond suspension (SAS) on blood glucose and lipid profile of experimentally aloxan induced hyperglycemic male rats. Thirty male adult rats divided randomly into two equal groups, prevention group treated with sweet almond suspension for 60 days at two doses 1.42 or 2.84 g/kg of body weight (PD1 and PD2), and then hyperglycemia was induced by using single dose injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg of body weight). There was significant increase in means values of glucose and the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL-C), and low rate concentration of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) after five days of injection compared with pretreatment values and after 60 days of treatment with SAS values. In conclusion there was protective effect of sweet almond suspension on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in two experimentally groups, especially 2.84mg/Kg BW.  

The disaccharides, consisting of sucrose, lactose and maltose, are hydrolysed into monosaccharides (D-glucose, D-galactose and D-fructose) by intestinal brush border enzymes: sucrase, lactase and maltase. The aim of this study to investigate changes in the brush-border membrane carbohydrate digestive enzymes. From intestinal mucosal scrapings of equine, brush border membrane vesicles were isolated. The results showed that sucrase, maltase and lactase are present in the equine small intestine. The activity of all three enzymes is highest proximally (in the duodenum and jejunum) and lower in the ileum. There was considerable variation between individual horses, however the majority showed highest disaccharidase activity in the jejunum, with some showing highest activity in the duodenum. Sucrase activity is highest in the jejunum and duodenum and lower in the ileum. Maltase activity is similar in all three regions, but slightly higher in the jejunum. Lactase activity is low in all three regions of the small intestine, slightly higher in the equine jejunum and duodenum than ileum. From this study, we can conclude that the equine small intestine digests disaccharides by the brush-border associated disaccharidases sucrase, maltase and lactase. Levels of sucrase and lactase are comparable to other species, but maltase is much higher.

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplements of organic acid and essential oil Gallant^+® on the growth hormone, glutathione, performance of growth, some biochemical parameters and intestinal histomorphology in quails. Japanese quails one-day-old (n=120) were distributed randomly into four groups included 10 / 3 replicates for each group. The G1, was control group that was fed on a basal diet. Quails of G2, G3, and G4 were fed on a supplemented diet Gallant^+® 300, 600 and 900g/ton,respectively. Administration of Gallant^+® 600 g/ton and 900g/ton to quail led to significant decrease in triglyceride while supplementation with 600 g/ton caused decrease in cholesterol. On the other hand, 300 g/ton caused an increase in final body weight and total weight through the duration of the experiment, as well as a decrease in total feed consumption and the best feed conversion ratio in all supplementation with 300 g/ton caused a significant growth hormone elevation. All feed additives didn't affect the level of glutathione. The addition of Gallant^+® additive groups. Interestingly, the addition of different doses of Gallant^+® to the diet increased villus length and width, crypt depth, villus / crypt ratio, percentage of goblet cell, apparent surface area, and intestinal epithelium thickness compared to the control group. It was concluded that dietary supplementation with different doses of Gallant^+® improved growth hormone, growth performance and intestinal histomorphology in Japanese quails, and dietary supplementation with organic acid and essential oil as alternatives to the growth promoter of antibiotics.

The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and Probiotic on some reproductive performance and hormone profile in female quail. Six hundred one day - old quail birds were randomly divided to four treatments (60 birds/treatment) with 3 replicates for each group treatment (20 birds / replicate) and at three duration periods. The first period 1-7 weeks, second period 7 - 13 weeks, third period 1-13 weeks. The group of study were control was fed on a standard ration. the second, third and fourth treatments were given β-mannanase. Lysolecithin. probiotic 0.5 g /kg ration respectively. Blood samples wear taken for blood serum analysis. including estimation of follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The results revealed that the treated groups showed a significant increase in relative weight of the ovary and oviduct compared with control group. β-mannanase and probiotic groups showed a significant increase in the oviduct length compared with the control and Lysolecithin groups. There was a significant increase in the numbers of growing and mature follicles and weight of large follicle in all treated groups compared with control group. The 3^rd period showed a significant increase in the relative weight of ovary. oviduct and numbers of growing follicles. while the 2^nd and 3^rd period showed a significant increase in the oviduct length. About the interaction between treatments and periods. the best result appeared in the ovarian relative weight in the 3^rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. the 3^rd period of probiotic showed a significant increase in the oviduct relative weight and for the oviduct length at 2^ed and 3^rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. while 3^rd period of probiotic show best interaction in the numbers of growing follicles, as 2^nd and 3^rd periods showed better increase in the mature follicle's numbers and for large follicle weight in 1^st and 2^nd period of probiotic. The result also showed a significant increase in the FSH and LH level in all treated groups compared with control group. The 2^nd and 3^rd period were better significantly in the level of FSH and LH. Probiotic at 2^nd and 3^rd period showed a significant interaction on the level of FSH. On the other hand, 2^nd and 3^rd period for the β-mannanase and probiotic showed a better significant in the LH level. In conclusion. β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and probiotic supplementation to quail ration improved the hormonal status and enhance reproduction.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate Prosopis farcta extracts on some complications associated with diabetes in rats. The experimental rats of 1.5-2 months old that weighed 190-220 g were randomly divided into six groups of seven animals each. Body weight, serum glucose, hematological changes and lipid profiles were studied. Alloxan was used of induction diabetes in rats. 252 rats were used anddifferent doses of the ethyl acetate extracts of roots, fruits, and leaves of P. farcta were orally administered daily for 28 daysfornormal and diabetic rats and the effective dose was 200 mg/kg BW for each kind of extracts. The results showed that administration of root, leaves and fruit extracts of P. farcta caused improvement in body weight, blood glucose, red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hematocrit (HCT orPCV) in alloxan diabetic rats in insulin like treatment manner, with the most effective improving effect for roots extract. Regarding to the effects on total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count, administration of extracts caused decrease in the total WBC and neutrophil count. Administration of root, leaves and fruit extracts of P. farcta, showed suppression in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and increasing in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) of alloxan diabetic rats. In conclusion, the P. farcta extracts possesses properties of improving some health complications accompanied diabetes in rats.

The current search experiments designed to study the effect of chronic and acute heat stress on the relationship between HSP70, leptin and luteinizing hormones level in female rats. 45 female pups were used in the age of weaning, were randomly divided into three equal groups. 1^st group was a control group, 2^nd group exposed to chronic heat stress at 38 ºC for 1hour a day since the age of weaning until onset of puberty and the 3^rd group exposed to acute heat stress at 38 ºC for 4 hours per day for 5 consecutive days from 35 day age of rat and each group above were secondary divided into 3 age groups consisted of pre-puberty, at puberty and post-puberty. Results of study showed female rats exposed to chronic and acute stress led to significant increase in the level of luteinizing hormone at onset of the puberty. The result showed correlation coefficient between the level of HSP70 and leptin hormone significantly in the females acute stressed group at onset of puberty, as well as female exposed to chronic heat stress led to significant correlation coefficient between HSP70 and leptin hormone at post puberty. The result revealed significant correlation coefficient between HSP70 and luteinizing hormone in female control group at onset of puberty. It concluded from this study there is relationship between HSP70 and leptin hormone at onset puberty during acute heat stress and same relationship at post puberty during chronic heat stress.

Using magnetic technology has shown major potentials in different fields especially agriculture. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the using of magnetic technology application in local quail house and hatchery on productive and physiological traits under heat stress condition. Results revealed that quail when served 0.2 T magnetically treated water (MTW) were significantly (P≤0.05) better in most productive, reproductive characteristics in the 1^st experiment: eggs production, water consumption, egg weight, shell strength, estrogen conc., also improved FCR in females, all semen quality and testosterone conc. in males. Also, total RBCs count, thrombocyte, blood pH, blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, blood iron (Fe), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), thyroxin hormone and total count of Lactobacillus spp. in small intestine. However, reduction in dead sperm, abnormal acrosome, corticosterone conc., body temperature, blood clotting time, E. coli and fungi counts in both sexes. In the 2^nd experiment using of magnetic technology on embryonic development traits of local quails incubating eggs that collected from experiment 1 were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in the most characteristics at the group of 0.2 T MTW as fertility, hatchability, chicks weight, immune status of hatched chicks. While reduction in dead embryo and heterophil-to- lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Finally, the results of 0.2 T MTW achieved superiorly gains compared with the other groups.

The aim of the study was to estimate the level of cadmium, zinc and oxidative stress parameters in serum and milk as well as the blood constituents in local at the age of 3-4 years during the spring and summer seasons. Blood and milk samples were collected from 30 ewes (15 each season). The blood samples were allocated to into two tubes, for complete blood profile study and for biochemical analysis. Milk was used for biochemical tests. Blood analysis showed a significant difference between some blood values during the two seasons represented by significant increase of total white blood number, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in circulating blood of lactating ewes during summer season compared with spring season. Red blood cells number and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration did not change among the two seasons. Both mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin value of lactating ewe increased significantly during spring season with respect to the summer season. The serum glutathione level showed a significant elevation during spring season compared with the summer season, while, the level of malonaldehyde and peroxynitrite free radicle remain constant during the study period. There were no significant changes in the level of cadmium in serum and milk of examined ewes, while the serum level of zinc significantly higher during the spring compared to the summer season and milk zinc level remain stable during both seasons. The study concluded variations in haematological, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum and milk concentration of Zn and Cd according to lactation season in ewes.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic and acute heat stress on sex hormones level and their relationship to sexual puberty in male rats. Used 45 male pups in the age of weaning, were randomly divided for 3 groups each group included 15 pups of each sex. 1^st group was a control group, 2^nd group exposed to chronic heat stress at 38Cº for 1hour a day since the age of weaning until onset of puberty and the 3^rd group exposed to acute heat stress at 38Cº for 4 hours per day for 5 consecutive days from 35 day age of rat and each group above were secondarily divided into 3 age groups consisted of pre-puberty, at puberty and post-puberty. Results of study showed that male rats exposed chronic heat stress led to a significant increase in body weight, tail of epididymis, prostate gland weights, at onset of puberty compared with control group, with a significant decrease in body weight, testis, head and tail of epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle weights at post-puberty compared with control group. as well as a significant decrease in the level of luteinizing hormone at post-puberty compared with acute heat stress group. Males exposed to acute heat stress cause a significant decrease in the head and tail of the epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle weights and significant increase in the concentration each of testosterone and luteinizing hormones at post-puberty compared with the control group. Acute exposure to heat stress caused early sexual puberty in males to show from the early appearance of first sperm compared with the control group, while the exposure to chronic heat stress led to delay of puberty associated with a delay in the appearance of first sperm compared with the control group. It concluded from this study that male rat's exposure to heat stress affects differently on sex hormone. Acute heat stress led to reach early sexual puberty and reflected the impact on puberty when chronic exposure to heat stress.

The study included investigation of effects of the thioredoxin reductase isolated from serum of human on oxidative stress induced in rats, through histopathological examination of the heart and liver, and the measurement of the biochemical parameters, which included: thioredoxin reductase, creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin and uric acid. Treating experimental animals with 1% hydrogen peroxide led to a significant increase in thioredoxin reductase, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin compared to control group, while a significant decrease in: albumin and uric acid, but non-significant in alanine aminotransferase. As well as, a different dose 2 and 4mgl Kg of rat body weight of isolated TrxR with 1% hydrogen peroxide improved parameter levels through decrease oxidative stress that induced in rats. The results of the histopathological examination revealed slight to moderate changes in the heart, while no distinguishing changes were observed in the heart of the group treated with hydrogen peroxide and injected with enzyme in intraperitoneally with 4 mg/ kg of rat weight compared to control group. In the liver, there was observed vascular degeneration and thickening of hepatic capsule as a result of chronic congestion and degeneration in the blood vessels which after treatment with 1% hydrogen peroxide compared to control group, but there was noticeable improvement in the liver of group treated with hydrogen peroxide and injected with the enzyme in intraperitoneally with 4 mg/kg of rat weight, and these results confirm the role of the enzyme in the protection of the body from oxidative stress, the use of the enzyme can reduce the severity of different diseases.

This Study aimed to investigate the efficiency of aqueous extraction of Alhagi maurorum leaves against oxidative stress induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) on spermatogenesis and the level of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde in adult rats. Plant Leaf's dried and then extracted. Experiment included 24 male rats divided into 4 groups 6 subjects in each group. groups treated orally for 30 days as following: first was control group which administered with 1ml of physiological saline 0.9%, second group administered once with CCl₄ 3ml/Kg, third and fourth groups administered with aqueous extract 300 mg/kg and aqueous extract together with CCl₄ respectively. The results showed that CCl₄ caused a significant decrease in sperm count, sperm vitality, normality, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), significant increase in sperm mortality, abnormality and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with control group. While aqueous extract treatment caused no significant difference in compare to control group. Groups treated with aqueous extract together with CCl₄ showed a significant increase in sperm count, vitality, normality and GSH and decreasing in mortality, abnormality and MDA in compare to CCl₄ group. It could be concluded that the aqueous extract of Alhagi maurorum have a positive effect on male reproduction and antioxidants in rats exposed to oxidative stress.

This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of (CoQ10) on reproductive dysfunction of male rats induced by sodium fluoride (NaF). thirty two rats were divided into four even groups and treated for 56 days as follows: the first group served as control (C) The second group (G1) received coenzyme Q10 at dose of 10 mg/Kg.B.W; while third group (G2) received 100ppmsodium fluoride in drinking water and fourth groups (G3) received NaF 100 ppm and CoQ10 10 mg/Kg.B.W for 56 days. The results showed that exposure of rats to NaF caused decrease in serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormones (LH) concentrations. Whereas Administration of CoQ10 caused an increase the concentrations of theses hormones in group G3 as compared with group G2. Testicular morphometric and histopathological alterations were observed in group G2 in the form of marked microvacuolation in the basal level of germinal cells, amyloid deposited within seminiferous tubules with disarrangement and depletion of germ cells. Whereas testicular histological alterations were improved in rats treated with CoQ10. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that use of Co Q10 can alleviating the deleterious effects on male reproductive function following exposure to NaF, may be via improvement the testicular functions or other related endocrine glands.

The present study was conducted to evaluate growth promoting effect of anise seed Pimpinella anisum L. in broiler chickens in terms of live body weight, carcass characteristics (traits), organ weights, production traits and mortality percentage. For this purpose, four levels with 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% of aniseed powder were administered in feed from day 0 till the end of experiment (42 days of age). Positive results were obtained specially in body weight and carcass traits like dressing percentage, when aniseed was fed by broiler chicken. This study showed a significant at P<0.05 effect of different treatments on live body weight and dressing percentage, but there was no significant at P<0.05 effects of different treatments on mortality percentage. Also, there was a significant at P<0.05 effect of different treatments on Carcass cuts: breast, thigh and back percentage, but there was no significant at P<0.05 effects of different treatments on wings, heart, liver and gall bladder percentage. According to the results obtained of this study, it can be concluded from this study that additive dietary broiler chicken with anise seed improve production traits like live body weight, body weight gain, dressing percentage, FCR and production index. However, there were not significant effect on mortality and some internal body organ percentage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Broccoli against lead acetate (PbA) hepatotoxicity by some physiological and histological indicators. The results showed that intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection by 12 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate once a week for 8 weeks led to an increase in the activity of Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Total serum protein (TP) and Total serum bilirubin (TSB). Liver's histological sections of lead acetate injected rats showed infiltration of inflammatory cells with sinusoid dilation, necrosis, and apoptosis of Kupffer cells. Broccoli has an ameliorative effect, that the physiological parameters and histological examination have been showed an improvement. In conclusion, lead acetate produces hepatic disorder and the potential use of Broccoli as a source of natural antioxidants or nutraceuticals protects against lead acetate hepatic toxicity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract (GMPE) on plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. This study used 36 male Balb/c strain mice. The samples were divided into 6 groups, namely KN (normal control), KD (diabetic control), KM (metformin control), and P (treatment group) comprising: P1 (50 mg GMPE/kg body weight), P2 (100 mg GMPE/kg body weight), as well as P3 (200 mg GMPE/kg body weight). The GMPE and metformin suspension were administered orally for 14 days on the diabetic mice. The diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ multiple at low-dose of 30 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days. On day 15, mice were terminated. Data of plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubule damage levels or the number of swelling and necrosis cells were analyzed. Interestingly and it showed that administration of GMPE could reduce the plasma creatinine level and the ameliorate renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In conclusion, the renoprotective effect of GMPE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was associated with the attenuation in oxidative stress and inflammatory, which also had antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

In this study, pieces of skin from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fish were collected freshly from juveniles from a privet fish farm in Duhok city, Kurdistan-Iraq. Those pieces of skin were cultured In Vitro by using two methods of explanting; direct explants and enzymatic pre-digested explants of tissue fragments. The results showed a highest cell yield (5×10^₃ cell/ml) on passage 2 of enzymatic pre-digested tissues and higher cell growth rate in compare with cell yield (38×10² cell/ml) gained from direct explant tissues. Both procedures showed forming of clumped cells colonies in initial passages (P1 and P2), and the morphological changes were developed in both cells to show a fibroblast like appearance thereafter. Such findings are important and advantageous to suggest a faster and more efficient protocol for tissue culture cells isolation with lower cost and better isolation success as well.

 The present study was designed to know the effect of Royal Jelly at dose (400mg/ kg BW) to adult male rats receiving cadmium chloride at dose 0.5 ppm (0.5mg/1L) in drinking water given orally for 60 days on the reproductive system physiology. In this study 40 adult male rats 12 week old with average weight 200-300 grams were used and divided into four groups which are control group, cadmium receiving group, royal jelly receiving group and finally cadmium + royal jelly receiving group. The results showed that administration of cadmium chloride caused a significant decrease in the sperms count, the percentage of live sperms, decreased in the testis tissue level of ascorbic acid, number of pups / parturition in addition to that cadmium chloride caused a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperms, the days from mixing experiment males with normal females until parturition and decrease in pregnancy percentage compared with control group. Using of RJ alone caused reduce in the abnormal sperms but did not affect significantly on sperms count, the percentage of live sperms, ascorbic acid concentration compared with control group. Treatment of rats with RJ whose receiving cadmium chloride caused significant increase in the sperms count, the percentage of live sperms and the testis tissue concentration of ascorbic acid, associated with significant decreased in the abnormal sperms and testosterone hormone, luteinizing hormone and number of pups / parturition and pregnancy percentage was return normal values to compared with cadmium group. We concluded from this study that RJ has a protective role against cadmium induced changes in the physiological functions of male reproductive system in rats.

The study included 90 buffalo from Yarimjah in the southern of Mosul city, divided in to three groups, the first group (30) buffalo (1-1.5 years), second group (30) buffalo (5-8) years and the third group (30) buffalo (15-20) years to study the effect of the age progress on some physiological and biochemical parameters as indicator of oxidative stress. The results showed that all of the red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume increased significantly in the middle ages compared with other groups of the study and the lowest value in the older age group, while platelets increased gradually and significantly with age increase. In addition, white blood cells increases significantly in the middle-aged compared with the study groups, and significantly decreased in older age group while the percentage of eosinophils and neutrophils showed the highest significant value in the older age groups and the lowest value at the small ages , lymphocytes showed a gradual significant decline with increasing age compare with other study groups. monocytes appeared in the highest significant value in the middle ages and the lowest value in the older and small ages groups, there was no significant difference in basophils between the studied groups. On the other hand glutathione appeared with the highest significant value in the middle ages and the lowest value in the older ages, while malondialdehyde increased significantly with gradual age progress, this is due to an increase in free radical production and oxidative stress that accompany aging process due to antioxidants exhaustion, which is a line of defense for the body against free radicals. It was concluded from this study that with age-progress have bad effects on blood constitutes revealed by reduced in red blood cells, white blood cells counts accompanied with decrease in glutathione levels and increase malondialdehyde and which are indicators of oxidative stress and this confirms and support the hypothesis of free radicals and oxidative stress and their roles in aging.

In the present study we evaluate the effect of two doses of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Vanadyl sulfate, and Sodium tungstate on liver glycogen concentration (LGC), serum enzymes Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in 15 days age broiler chickens. The results showed that full dose of Coriander (1500 mg/kg Bwt) has a significant (P≤0.05) decreasing effect on LGC, ALT and AST levels, in reverse to half dose which do not show a significant effect. In the combination of the half dose of Coriander with Sodium tungstate (750 mg/kg Bwt + 15 mg/kg Bwt) there is a significant increase in LGC and ALT, but not AST level in comparing with control group. Also the same effects were seen in combination dose of Coriander with Vanadyl sulfate (750 mg/kg Bwt + 50 mg/kg Bwt) on the studied parameters. On the other hand, results show that Thyme in full dose (2000mg/kg Bwt) has similar significant effect by lowering LGC, ALT, and AST levels as in case of Coriander, while half dose (1000mg/kg Bwt) of Thyme show no significant effects on the studied parameters. Thyme with Vanadyl sulfate have no significant effect on ALT and AST with increasing LGC. Sodium tungstate in the full dose (30mg/kg Bwt) has a significant decline effect on the studied parameters in comparing with control group, while there is no effect of Sodium tungstate when used in half dose (15mg/kg Bwt) except increasing level of ALT. Vanadyl sulfate has the same effect similar to Sodium tungstate in full doses, while half dose of Vanadyl sulfate show no significant effect on studied parameters. From this study we conclude that both medicinal plants Coriander and Thyme also Sodium tungstate and Vanadyl sulfate have a significant dose dependant effects on glycogen concentration and serum levels of ALT and AST in broiler chickens.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of melatonin dietary supplementation 40 mg/kg in adult Ross 308 male chickens 24 weeks concomitantly exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (1%) with drinking water for 6 weeks on reproductive performance.Semen were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks. From the results no significant differences in the volume of ejaculates during the time of hydrogen peroxide treatment, while sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility show significant decrease during the experimental period as compared with the control group, accompanied with a significant increase in dead and abnormal sperms during the experimental period as compared with zero time. Also, no significant differences in ejaculates volume in melatonin with hydrogen peroxide treatment compared with the hydrogen peroxide group and zero time, administration of melatonin with hydrogen peroxide caused significant increase in sperms concentration , individual motility at the 4^th and 6^th week and mass motility in 2^nd,4^th and 6^th week compared with hydrogen peroxide group and the experiment period had no significant effects on sperm concentration and mass motility while significant increase appear in individual motility at the 6^th week compared with zero time and 2^nd week. Melatonin dietary supplementation in roosters exposed to oxidative stress caused significant decrease in percentage of dead and abnormal sperms at 2^nd, 4^th and 6^th week compared with hydrogen peroxide group and there is no significant difference in dead sperms percentage during the experiment period while significant decrease appear at 4^th and 6^th week in abnormal sperms percentage compared with zero time. Melatonin supplementation alone had no significant effects on ejaculates volumes of compared with zero time and the control group , while melatonin administration caused significant increase in sperm concentration at 4^th and 6^th week compared with the control group and zero time and 2^nd week and cause increase in mass motility and individual motility at 6^th week of the experiment compared with the control group and zero time , the results showed that melatonin cause significant decrease in percentage of dead sperms during experiment period compared with the control group and zero time and in abnormal sperms percentage during the experiment period compared with the control group and then significantly decreased at 2^nd,4^th and 6^th week compared with zero time and the control group. It was concluded from this study that the dietary supplementation of melatonin reduce adverse effects that produced by hydrogen peroxide on semen characters in adult male chickens, and dietary supplementation of melatonin alone has a good effects in semen characters in adult male chickens.

The aim of this experiment is to study the effects of antithyroid agent (Propylthiouracil, PTU) on domestic chicks male reproductive system. 36 local male one day old chicks were used. Chicks were distributed randomly to three groups, first group (control group) fed standard diet, while 2nd and 3 rd groups were fed diet contain 0.01 and 0.1 % of antithyroid agent (Propylthiouracil PTU) respectively, from 1 - 25 days of age. Chicks were killed at the end of 4th week in order to study the effects of PTU treatment on some male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristic as well as some body organs. Results revealed that PTU treatment significantly decreased body weight, significantly increased right and left testis percentage and absolute weights in group treated with 0.1% PTU compared with the control group. Treatment also significantly increase comb length and height as well as in liver and heart weights.

 This study examines effects of vitamin E and C on puberty age of quail, some biochemical characters and egg quality. Birds were divided into 4 groups (14 day old), 3 replicates (20 birds/replicate) the treatments continued for 8 weeks. 1^st gruop (control): reared on standard ration and Tap water. 2^nd group: reared on standard ration and water supplemented with Vit. E (450 mg/ Liter). 3^rd group: reared on standard ration and water supplemented with Vit. C (200mg/Liter). 4^th group: reared on standard ration and water supplemented with (Vit. E 450 mg/Liter and Vit. C 200 mg/Liter). Results showed significant increase in serum glucose, triglycerides, total protein, globulin and the globulin: albuminratio of the females compared with males. Treatments decreased serum glucose and triglyceride and increased serum total protein, globulin and globulin: albumin ratio as compared with control. The interaction between sex and treatment revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose, triglyceride and albumen in all groups as compared with the female control, and a significant increase in serum total protein and globulin in Vit.E and Vit. C+E treatments. There was a significant improvement in globulin: albumen ratio in Vit. E and Vit. C+E group (females) and Vit. C+E (males) compared with other groups. The study revealed that the treatment with Vit. E and Vit. C improve some physiological and biochemical parameters and this was reflected in a reduction in puberty age and the age of 50% egg laying intensity and egg yolk cholesterol.